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Microbiology: Chapter 2 Microbial Genetics
Microbiology: Chapter 2 Microbial Genetics
Microbiology: Chapter 2 Microbial Genetics
Review
Fig 8.17
Various Point Mutations
Missense
Nonsense
Silent
Fig 8.17
Mutations cont.
• May be neutral (silent), beneficial, or harmful.
• Spontaneous mutation rate 10-6 1 mutation per
million replicated genes
• Mutagens increase mutation rate 10 – 1000x
Chemical mutagens
– Nucleoside (base) analogs have altered base-pairing
properties. They can be
• randomly incorporated into growing cells (cancer drugs)
• only used by viral enzymes (e.g. AZT)
– Frameshift mutagens such as intercalating agents (e.g.:,
aflatoxin, ethidium bromide)
Fig 8.19a
Distortion due to
intercalating agent
will lead to one or
more base-pairs
inserted or deleted
during replication.
Potent carcinogens!
Radiation as a Mutagen
Fig 8.20
Fig. 8.22
Professor Richard A. Muller of UC Berkeley
on the Ames Test and Natural Foods
Positive or
negative
Ames
test?
Explain
what
happened
Genetic Transfer and Recombination
Fig 8.25
2) Conjugation
Plasmid and chromosomal DNA
transfer via direct cell to cell contact
High efficiency
F+ = donor cell. Contains F plasmid
(factor) and produces conjugation
(F) pilus (aka “sex pilus”)
Recipient cell (F– ) becomes F+
In some cells F factor integrates into chromosome
Hfr cell
R plasmids (R factors) are also transferred via
conjugation
ANIMATIONs
Fig 8.27
3) Transduction
DNA Transfer from donor to
recipient cell with help of
bacteriophage (= transducing phage)
ANIMATION Generalized
Transduction
ANIMATION Specialized
Transduction
Fig 8.28