Fluid Mechanics

Ola Kadhim Jalil

Mechanical Engineering Department

Supervisor
Dr. Mofid Gorjibandpy
Density and Specific Gravity
Density is mass per unit volume
m

V
SI unit is kg
m3

But this is also used g

cm3
Specific Gravity
Ratio of density to the
density of water at 4oC.
Density of water at 4oC=1
g/cm3
The 4oC is important
since water’s density
changes with temperature
It has nothing to do with
gravity
Relative density would be
a better term
Pressure
A static fluid will exert a
force perpendicular to any
surface it is in contact with
Pressure is defined as
Force per unit Area

F
p
A
Note this is scalar
SI unit of N/m2=pascal=pa
Atmospheric Pressure
The big volume of air
above us exerts pressure
downwards.
Pressure at sea level
pa  1atm  1.013x105 pa

Changes depending on
elevation, temperature,
weather condition etc.
Pressure at depth
Assume that  is
constant all throughout
the liquid.
Fluid is incompressible
Force is from weight of
liquid
F mg Vg Ahg
p   
A A A A
p  hg
Pressure at depth
If fluid is compressible
(gasses) density
changes with height
and equation is only
valid for very thin slices.
Pascal’s Law
Equations independent of
Area, only height matters.
Pressure is the same at any
two points at the same
level of the fluid.
If pressure is applied to
one end it is distributed
throughout the fluid
and to the walls of the
container
Pascal’s Law Application
Hydraulic Lift

F1 F2
p 
A1 A2
However, volume of the
liquid remains the same
V1  V2
A1x1  A2 x2
Video Description of Pascal’s Law
Hydraulic Lift
F1 A1 x2
 
F2 A2 x1

F1x1  F2 x2
Work done by F1 = Work
done by F2
Absolute Pressure and Gauge Pressure
Absolute Pressure Flat tire actually has 1
Total Pressure within a atm of pressure inside
vessel
Gauge Pressure
Excess Pressure above
atmospheric pressure
Gauge Pressure – Ex. A
tire shows 220kPa
Absolute Pressure of tire
is 220kPa+1atm=320kPA
Pressure Gauges - Manometer
Many different devices
used to measure pressure
Manometer – consists of
a U-shaped tube filled
with a liquid of known
density. It is open in one
end and the other end is
connected to a container
filled with gas whose
pressure to be measured.
Pressure Gauges - Manometer
Bottom of tube has same
pressure

p  gy1  patm  gy2

p  patm  g ( y2  y1 )
p  patm  gh

Gauge pressure is
proportional to height
difference
Pressure Gauges - Barometer
Mercury barometer –
consists of filled tube of
mercury closed on one
end and the other end is
inverted into a dish of
mercury.
Pressure in the closed
end of the tube can be
approximated to be zero.
Pressure Gauges - Barometer
patm  gh  p0
patm  gh
mmHg or Torr, is
another common unit of
measure of pressure. But
it is affected by
temperature (density of
Hg changes) as well as
gravity.
Buoyancy
Bodies immersed in
water will weigh less
Buoyant Force is
exerting an upward force
Assume a submerged
object with uniform
cross section area A
Buoyancy
B  FB  FT
B  PB A  PT A  A( PB  PT )
B  A( ghB  ghT )
B  Ag (h)
B  Vg
B  mg
Buoyancy
Archimedes’ Principle-
When a body is
immersed in a fluid, the
fluid exerts an upward
force on the body equal
to the weight of the fluid
displaced by the body.
Bouyancy
An object will float if
B  Wobject
 lVobject g  mobject g
 lVobject g   objectVobject g
 l   object
Fluid Flow – Fluid Dynamics
Complicated, but can be
simplified with certain
assumptions
Ideal Fluid
Incompresible- same
density throughout
Not viscous - has no
internal friction
Minimal turbulence

Fluid Flow
Assume the flow is
steady
m
flow 
t
V Al
flow  
t t
flow  Av
Flow rate is constant

1 A1v1   2 A2 v2
Fluid Flow
1 A1v1   2 A2 v2
Since incompresible

A1v1  A2 v2
Continuity Equation
Bernoulli’s Equation
Pressure in a fluid
depends on velocity and
height
Assuming ideal fluid,
fluid at certain cross
section will do work on
other parts of the fluid.

W1  F1d1  p1 A1d1
W2   F2 d 2   p2 A2 d 2
Bernoulli’s Equation
Wg   mgh  mg ( y2  y1 )
W  W1  W2  Wg
W  p1 A1d1  p2 A2 d 2  mg ( y2  y1 )
K  p1 A1d1  p2 A2 d 2  mg ( y2  y1 )
1 2 1 2
mv1  p1 A1d1  mgy1  mv2  p2 A2 d 2  mgy2
2 2
m  V  Ad
1 2 1 2
v1  p1  gy1  v2  p2  gy2
2 2
Bernoulli’s Equation Applications
• Bernoulli’s equation is applied to all problems of incompressible
fluid flow.
• The Bernoulli’s equation can be applied to the following
measuring devices such as Venturi meter, Nozzle meter, Orifice
meter, Pitot tube and its applications to flow measurement from
takes, within pipes as well as in open channels.
• Bernoulli’s theory is used to study the unstable potential flow
used in the theory of ocean surface waves and acoustics.
• It is also employed for the estimation of parameters such as
pressure and fluid speed.
• Bernoulli’s principle can be applied in an aeroplane. For example,
this theory explains why aeroplane wings are curved upward and
the ships have to run away from each other as they pass.