CHEMISTRY

REVIEW
PRESENTED BY:
NICOLE AERONNE S. CURA
TAMMY HABAL
 Matter
PROPERTIES &
CLASSIFICATION
 MATTE
ANYTHING THAT
R
HAS MASS AND
TAKES UP SPACE.
 phases or states
- Matter has different phases or
physical states due to the
differences in densities and
arrangements of the particle that
make up the matter.
Plasma – similar to gas but with charged particles and
extremely high energy and temperatures.

Bose-Einstein Condensates – matter that is super cooled so there

is barely movement at all, even at the molecular level.
PROPERTIES
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES – can be observed or
measured without altering the identity of the
substance

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES – describe the way a

substance change in order to form new substance.
PROPERTIES
EXTENSIVE
PROPERTIES –
depend on the quantity
of matter

INTENSIVE
PROPERTIES – do
not depend on the amount of
matter examined.
 CHANGES IN MATTER
PHYSICAL CHANGES - only change the appearance of a
substance, not its chemical composition.

CHEMICAL CHANGES - cause a substance to change into

an entirely substance with a new chemical formula.
PHASE CHANGE
CLASSIFICATIONS OF MATTER
THE ATOM
ATOMIC
THEORY
1. All matter is made of atoms. Atoms are indivisible and
indestructible.
2. All atoms of a given element are identical in mass and
properties.
3. Compounds are formed by a combination of two or more
different kinds of atoms.
4. A chemical reaction is a rearrangement of atoms.
 ATOMIC PARTICLES, IONS, AND ISOTOPES
ISOTOPES – two or more atoms having the same
atomic number, but different mass numbers.

NOTE:
Each element has a distinct
number of protons.
 ATOMIC PARTICLES, IONS, AND ISOTOPES
IONS – charged particle that can either be a
positive or a negative charge. The difference
between the number of protons and the final
number of electrons gives the magnitude of the
charge.

a. ANIONS – negatively charged ion

b. CATIONS – positively charged ion
QUANTUM
NUMBERS
 ELECTRON QUANTUM NUMBERS
THE FOUR QUANTUM NUMBERS
1. THE PRINCIPAL QUANTUM NUMBER, n – refers to the orbital
shell. It determines the size and energy of the orbital.
2. THE SECONDARY (AZIMUTHAL) QUANTUM NUMBER, l – refers
to the subshell or suborbital, and determines the shape of the orbital.
(n-1)
3. THE MAGNETIC QUANTUM NUMBER, m1 – refers to the
individual orbital, and describe its orientation in space. (2l+1,
distances.. From -l..0..+l)
4. THE SPIN QUANTUM NUMBER, m2 – refers to the orientation of
the two allowed electrons in each orbital. (1st spin= ½, second spin =
-1/2
 ELECTRON QUANTUM NUMBERS

THE PAULI EXCLUSION

PRINCIPLE
- No two electrons in an atom may
have all four quantum numbers
alike
 ELECTRON QUANTUM NUMBERS
HUND’S RULE
– only two electrons fit one orbital.
When orbitals of identical energies
are available, electrons initially
occupy these orbitals singly before
pairing up.
 ELECTRON QUANTUM NUMBERS

THE AUFBAU PRINCIPLE

– electrons occupy orbitals in a way
that minimizes the energy of atom.
This principle is exhibited in an
atom’s electron configuration.
 ELECTRON CONFIGURATION
The distribution of electrons of an atom starting from the
lowest energy orbital (1s) filling up to the orbitals of
increasing energy.
THE
PERIODIC TABLE
THE PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS
 THE PERIODIC TRENDS
A. SIZES OF ATOMS AND IONS
B. IONIZATION ENERGY – the amount of energy a gaseous
atom needs to take away the outermost electron from the atom
C. ELECTRON AFFINITY – the energy change that occurs
when a gaseous atom gains an electron.
D. METALLIC CHARACTER – the tendency of an atom to give
away an electron.
E. ELECTRONEGATIVITY – the tendency of an atom to
attract electrons toward itself.
THE PERIODIC TRENDS
NOMENCLATURE OF
NOMENCLATURE OF
COMPOUNDS
COMPOUNDS
COMPOUNDS
IONIC COMPOUNDS – are compounds consisting of
ions. Two-element compounds are usually ionic when one
element is a metal and the other is a non-metal.

COVALENT, OR MOLECULAR, COMPOUNDS

generally result from two nonmetals reacting with each
other. The elements form a compound by sharing
electrons, resulting in an electrically neutral molecule.
IONIC COMPOUNDS
1. The metal is named first.
2. It is followed by the non-metal with the suffix –ide.
Polyatomic ions keep their names.
3. If the metal is transition metal more than one stable
ion, the charge is specified with roman numerals.
EXAMPLES
a. NaCl – sodium chloride
b. Ca(OH)2 – calcium hydroxide
c. PbSO2 – lead (II) sulfite
COVALENT COMPOUNDS
1. The first element is named as is.
2. It is followed by the second element with the suffix –
ide.
3. Prefixes are applied depending on the number of
atoms present. Mono- for 1, Di- for 2, Tri- for 3, Tetra-
for 4
EXAMPLE:
SF6 – sulphur hexafluoride
N2O4 – dinitrogen tetroxide
ClO2 – chlorine dioxide
CHEMICAL
REACTIONS
 CHEMICAL REACTION

- Is a process that alters the

composition of a pure
substance, resulting to
chemical change.
CHEMICAL REACTION
 LAW OF CONSERVATION OF
MASS
In a closed system, the mass of the products must
equal the mass of the reactants for any chemical
processes.

- STOICHIOMETRIC COEFFICIENTS:
represents the number of moles of each substance
present in the reaction.
STOICHIOMETR
Y
Mole – an SI unit in chemistry that
describes the amount of a chemical
substance.
One mole contains
THE as many particles as

MOLE the number

atoms in 12 grams
of

CONCEPT of carbon.
AVOGADRO’S CONSTANT
- the number of particles that
make up one mole of
substance.
- 6.022 x 10^23
 MOLAR MASS

- a conversion factor in grams

per mole used to determine
the mass of one mole of a
chemical substance.
 MOLAR MASS
In a compound of NaOH, the molar mass of Na alone is 23
g/mol, the molar mass of O is 16 g/mol, and H is 1 g/mol.
What is the molar mass of NaOH?

Na + O + H = NaOH
23 g/mol + 16 g/mol + 1 g/mol = 40 g/mol

The molar mass of the compound NaOH is 40 g/mol.

 MOLAR MASS
How many moles and how many atoms are contained in 10.0
g of nickel?

According to the periodic table, the atomic mass of nickel

(Ni) is 58.69 amu, which means that the molar mass of nickel
is 58.69 g/mol. Therefore, we can divide 10.0 g of Ni by the
molar mass of Ni to find the number of moles present.
 MOLAR MASS
 
CONVERSION PROCESS
solutions
(Basics)
 CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTIONS
 
CONCENTRATIONS OF SOLUTIONS
 MOLE FRACTION
a. 0.100 mole of NaCl is dissolved into 100.0 grams of pure H2O.
What is the mole fraction of NaCl?

Solution:

100.0 g / 18.0 g mol¯1 = 5.56 mol of H2O

Add that to the 0.100 mol of NaCl = 5.56 + 0.100 = 5.66 mol total

Mole fraction of NaCl = 0.100 mol / 5.66 mol = 0.018

 CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTIONS
Calculate the molarity of a solution created by
pouring 7.62 grams of MgCl2 into enough water to
create 400 mL of solution.
moles MgCl2 = 0.08 moles

M = 0.2 moles/L or 0.2 M

The concentration of MgCl2 in the solution is 0.2 M.

 CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTIONS
Calculate the molality of a solution prepared from
29.22 grams of NaCl in 2.00 kg of water.
First, calculate the number of moles of NaCl.
Using a periodic table, the atomic masses are:
Na = 22.99 g/mol; Cl = 35.45 g/mol

Add them together to get the molecular mass of NaCl

molecular mass NaCl = 22.99 g/mol + 35.45 g/mol
molecular mass NaCl = 58.44 g/mol
 CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTIONS
Convert grams to moles of the NaCl.
moles NaCl = 0.50 moles

Plug in this and the mass of the water into the molarity formula

m = 0.25 molal

The molality of the NaCl solution is 0.25 molal.

INTERMOLECULA
INTERMOLECULA
R
INTERMOLECULA
R
R
Forces of Attraction
 INTERMOLECULAR
FORCES
Intermolecular Forces of Attraction are forces of attraction
between unlike charges, partially positive and negative dipoles,
that occur between two molecules.

They differ from bonds in that they are not as strong and occur
between two adjacent or neighboring molecules and not within the
molecule itself. They do form, just like bonds, due to the attraction
of opposite charges.
 LONDON/DISPERSION FORCE
Temporary or weak dipole
interactions (such as those
between nonmetals) in nonpolar
compounds are called London
or Dispersion Forces.
DIPOLE-DIPOLE INTERACTIONS
Permanent or strong dipole interactions (such as those
between nonmetals) in polar compounds are called dipole-
dipole interactions.
 HYDROGEN BONDS
Hydrogen bonds are intermolecular forces of attraction that
form between the positive dipole of a hydrogen atom of one
molecule and the partially negative dipole of fluorine (F),
oxygen (O), and nitrogen (N) atoms of neighboring molecules.
 ION-DIPOLE INTERACTIONS
A lone dipole may also
interact with a single ion to
form an ion-dipole
interaction. For example, the
partially positive dipole of
hydrogen in water as it
interacts with a fully charged
chloride anion.
INTERMOLECULAR
FORCES
 IONIC
EQUILIBRIUM
ARRHENIUS THEORY OF ACIDS AND
BASES
An ARRHENIUS ACID is a compound that
increases the concentration of H+ ions that are
present when added to water.
An ARRHENIUS BASE is a compound that
increases the concentration of OH- ions that are
present when added to water.
SALT is the product of the neutralization of an acid
and a base.
 BRONSTED-LOWRY THEORY
A Brønsted-Lowry acid is a proton (hydrogen ion)
donor.
A Brønsted-Lowry base is a proton (hydrogen ion)
acceptor.

In this theory, an acid is a substance that can

release a proton (like in the Arrhenius theory) and a
base is a substance that can accept a proton.
 THE LEWIS THEORY OF ACIDS AND BASES
The Lewis theory of acids and bases states that
acids act as electron pair acceptors and bases act as
electron pair donors.

This definition doesn't mention anything about the

hydrogen atom at all, unlike the other definitions. It
only talks about the transfer of electron pairs.
 NEUTRALIZATION
A special property of acids and bases is their ability
to neutralize the other's properties. In an acid-base
(or neutralization) reaction, the H+ ions from the
acid and the OH- ions from the base react to create
water (H2O).

Another product of a neutralization reaction is an

ionic compound called a salt.
 THE pH SCALE
Since acids increase the amount of H+ ions present
and bases increase the amount of OH- ions, under
the pH scale, the strength of acidity and basicity can
be measured by its concentration of H+ ions.

pH - potential or power of hydrogen; it is used to

express the acidity of an aqueous solution.
ORGANIC
CHEMISTRY
 ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS are compounds that
are composed of carbon with other elements.
Some notable exceptions are carbon monoxide,
carbon dioxide, carbonates, and cyanides. They
are generally classified according to their
functional groups.
 HYDROCARBONS

Saturated hydrocarbons (alkanes) are the simplest

of the hydrocarbon species. They are composed
entirely of single bonds and are saturated with
hydrogen. The general formula for saturated
hydrocarbons is CnH2n+2.
 HYDROCARBONS
Saturated hydrocarbons (alkanes) are
the simplest of the hydrocarbon species.
They are composed entirely of single
bonds and are saturated with hydrogen.
The general formula for saturated
hydrocarbons is CnH2n+2.
 HYDROCARBONS
Unsaturated hydrocarbons have one or more
double or triple bonds between carbon
atoms. Those with double bond are called
alkenes and those with one double bond have
the formula CnH2n. Those containing triple
bonds are called alkynes, with general
formula CnH2n−2 .
FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
 ORGANIC
NOMENCLATURE
In general, an IUPAC name will have three essential features:
• A root or base indicating a major chain or ring of carbon atoms
found in the molecular structure.
• A suffix or other element(s) designating functional groups that
may be present in the compound.
• Names of substituent groups, other than hydrogen, that
complete the molecular structure.
 ALKANES
1. Find and name the longest continuous carbon chain.
2. Identify and name groups attached to this chain.
3. Number the chain consecutively, starting at the end nearest a
substituent group.
4. Designate the location of each substituent group by an
appropriate number and name.
5. Assemble the name, listing groups in alphabetical order using
the full name (e.g. cyclopropyl before isobutyl).
 ALKENES
1. The ene suffix (ending) indicates an alkene or cycloalkene.
2. The longest chain chosen for the root name must include both
carbon atoms of the double bond.
3. The root chain must be numbered from the end nearest a
double bond carbon atom. If the double bond is in the center of the
chain, the nearest substituent rule is used to determine the end
where numbering starts.
 ALKENES
4. The smaller of the two numbers designating the carbon atoms
of the double bond is used as the double bond locator. If more than
one double bond is present the compound is named as a diene,
triene or equivalent prefix indicating the number of double bonds,
and each double bond is assigned a locator number.
5. In cycloalkenes the double bond carbons are assigned ring
locations #1 and #2. Which of the two is #1 may be determined by
the nearest substituent rule.
 ALKYNES
1. The yne suffix (ending) indicates an alkyne or cycloalkyne.
2. The longest chain chosen for the root name must include both
carbon atoms of the triple bond.
3. The root chain must be numbered from the end nearest a
triple bond carbon atom. If the triple bond is in the center of the
chain, the nearest substituent rule is used to determine the end
where numbering starts.
 ALKYNES
4. The smaller of the two numbers designating the carbon atoms
of the triple bond is used as the triple bond locator.
5. If several multiple bonds are present, each must be assigned a
locator number. Double bonds precede triple bonds in the IUPAC
name, but the chain is numbered from the end nearest a multiple
bond, regardless of its nature.
OTHER SIMILAR
CET
QUESTIONS IN
CHEMISTRY
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