Moral problems associated with

Intellectual property rights and IT

Topic: Two
Computer Ethics
 Definition of infringement
• Use of whole or part without permission

• Use beyond the scope of license

• Adapting an image without permission (art

rendering)

• Asking another photographer to recreate the image

 Copyright
• A copyright is a form of protection provided to the
authors of original works of authorship including
literally, dramatic, musical, artistic and certain other
intellectual works both published and unpublished.

• A copyrights notice for visually perceptible copies

should have the word “copyright” followed by the
symbol©

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 Definition of copyright
• A copyright is a type of intellectual property
protection that protects original works of
authorship, which might include literary works,
music, art, and more. Today, copyrights also protect
computer software and architecture.

• Copyright protections are automatic; once you

create something, it is yours. However, if your rights
under copyright protections are infringed and you
wish to file a lawsuit, then registration of your
copyright will be necessary.
 Rights of copyright owner
• Reproduce copies or recordings

• Prepare derivative works

• Distribute copies or recordings

• Perform the work publicly

• Display the copyrighted work publicly

• Perform publicly including digital audio transmission.

 What qualifies for copyright protection??
• Original works

• Creative to minimal degree

• In a fixed or tangible form of expression

 Importance of Copyright
• It gives exclusive rights to the owner of original
work to reproduce, duplicate, transcribe, and
translate the work.
• The owner can prevent the misuse of their original
work and can take legal action if infringement takes
place.
• The owner has the sole right to get monetary
benefits from their work.
• Encourages society for creativity as owners enjoy
the benefits and protection of their creative work.
 Term of copyright
• For literary, dramatic musical or artistic work is
lifetime of author + 60 years

• For anonymous or pseudonymous work is 60 years

from the date of publishing

• For a photograph, sound recording,

cinematographic film and government work is 60
years from date of publishing of the work
 Categories of copyrighted works
• literary
• artistic
• musical
• Dramatic
• Cinematograph films
• Sound Recordings
• Broadcaster’s rights
• Performer’s Rights
 Copyright infringement Definition:
• Copyright infringement is the use or is the
distributing of the created product of another
without their explicit permission. I can happen with
text, graphics, video and art.

• Copyright infringement can occur on products that

have been formally published and distributed (i.e.
textbooks) and those that have only been formally
distributed by the author (e.g. weblog)
 Infringement of copyright
• What constitutes infringement???
Doing or authorizing any of the following acts without
the consent or license of owner copyright:
• Reproduce the work including its storage by any
electronic means
• Issue copies to the public
• Perform/Communicate the work to public
• Make translation of the work
• Make adaptation of the work
• To make any cinematograph film or sound recording
in respect of the work.
 Infringement of copyright Cont:
• Permit for profit any place to be used for
communication of the work when infringement
• To permit for profit any place to be used for the
communication constitutes infringement of the
copyright in the work unless he is not aware or has
reasonable grounds for believing that such
communication to the public will be an infringement
of copyright
• Make infringing copies of work for sale, hire or
display or offer for sale or hire
• import infringing copies in Uganda
Types of copyright in one work BOOKS
1. Rights of the author

2. Rights of the publisher in Uganda and abroad

3. Rights of a person publishing the book on CD

Rom/multimedia format

4. Rights on the Internet

Types of copyright in one work MUSIC:
1. Right of lyricist
2. Music director
3. Singer
4. Orchestra
5. Music company
6. Version recordings
 Types of copyright in one work
• Machinery This can be sub-matter of patent &
copyright. But drawings of machinery falls in
copyright. Escorts Construction case.

PEPSI CAN
• Copyright in the packaging, colours etc.
• Trade mark in Pepsi
• Copyright in circular device
• Copyright in manner of writing Pepsi
 Remedies for Infringement of Copyright
• Civil remedy: According to Section 55 of The
Copyright Act, 1957, where copyright in any work has
been infringed upon, the owner of the copyright shall
be entitled to all such remedies by way of injunction,
damages, & accounts.

• Criminal remedy: According to Section 63 of The

Copyright Act, 1957, the copyright holder can take
criminal proceedings against the infringer, in which
there is a provision of at least six-month
imprisonment, which may be extended to 3 years and
with a fine
 What is Fair
• Defines limitations on exclusive rights of copyright
holders

• When used for criticism, comments, news,

reporting, teaching, scholarships and research
 What determines fair use
• Purpose and character of use
-Is it commercial or for non profit educational purpose
-Spontaneous or temporally

• Nature of copyrighted work

-Paragraphs not chapters

• Amount and substance of portion used in relation to

the entire copyrighted work

• Effect of use upon potential market

 Peer to peer Network definition
• Peer to peer is the sharing of computer resources and services
by direct exchange of information

• Peer to peer is an approach of computer networking where all

computers share equivalent responsibility for processing data.

• A peer is an entity with capabilities similar to other entities in a

system.

• Peer to peer networking also known as simply networking differ

from client server networking where certain devices have the
responsibility for providing or serving data and other devices
consume or otherwise acts s clients of those servers
 Characteristics of Peer network
• Clients are also servers and routers that is nodes contribute content,
storage, memory, CPU
• Nodes are autonomous (no administrative authority)

• Network is dynamic; nodes enter and leave the network frequently.

• Nodes collaborate directly with each other (not through well known servers)

• Nodes have widely varying capabilities..

• Peer to peer is common on small local area network (LANS),particularly

home networks.

• Both wired and wireless networks can be configured as peer to peer

environment.
 Goals/Benefits of peer to peer Networks
• Efficient use of resources;
-Unused bandwidth, storage, processing power at the
“edge of the network”
• Scalability
-No central information, communication and computation
bottleneck
-Aggregate resources grow naturally with utilization
Reliability
-Replicas
-Geographic distribution
-No single point of failure
 Goals/Benefits of peer to peer Networks
• Ease of administration
-Nodes self-organize
-Built-in fault tolerance, replication, and load balancing
-Increased autonomy
• Anonymity – Privacy
-not easy in a centralized system
• Dynamism
-highly dynamic environment
-ad-hoc communication and collaboration

• You can configure computers in a peer to peer workgroups to allow share of

files, printers and other resources across all the devices.

• Peer network allows data to be shared easily in both directions,

whether downloads to your computers or uploads on your
computers.
 Advantages of peer to peer
• It is easy to install and so is configuration of computers
on the network.

• All resources and contents are shared by all the peers

unlike client server where the server shares all the
content and resources.

• P2P is more reliable as central dependency is

eliminated. Failure of one peer does not affect the
functioning of the others. In case of client server
network, it the server goes down the whole network
gets affected.
 Advantages Cont;
• There is no need for full time administrator. Every
user is the administrator of his/her machine. The
users can control their shared resources.

• The overall cost of building and maintaining this

type of network is comparatively very less.
 Disadvantages of peer to peer network
• Because each computer might be being accessed by
others it can slow down the performance for the
user.

• Files and folders cannot be centrally backed up.

• Security is not good and you can set passwords for

files that you don’t want people to access but apart
from that the security is pretty poor.
 Client Server
• The term client-server refers to a popular model for
computer networking that utilizes client and server
devices each designed for specific purposes.

• The client-server model can be used on the Internet

as well as local area networks (LANs). Examples of
client- server systems on the Internet include Web
browsers and Web servers, FTP clients and servers,
and the DNS.
 Characteristics of client server
• Sends requests to the server

• It expects and receives responses from the server.

 Benefits of client server
• All data are centralized on a single server,
simplifying security checks and updates data and
software.

• The technology supporting the client - server are

more mature than others.

• A level administration server, customers have little

importance in this model, they have less need to be
administered
 Advantages of client server
• A client server enables the roles and responsibilities of a
computing system. This means that it can update all the
computers connected to it. An example of this would be
software updates or hardware updates.

• The security is a lot more advanced than a peer to peer

network. You can have passwords to your won profile so
that no one can access everything when they want. And
the level off access range in different organizations

• Many mature client-server technologies are already

available which were designed to ensure security,
'friendliness' of the user interface, and ease of use
Disadvantages of client server network
• When the server goes down or crashes. All the
computers connected to it become unavailable to
use.

• More expensive than a peer to peer network. You

have to pay for start up cost.

• When you expand the server it starts to slow down

due to the Bit rate per second.
 Attacks on peer to peer networks/
What moral problems do they cause
• Poisoning attacks: Providing files whose contents are
different from the description “AKA” spoofing

• Polluting attacks: e.g. inserting “BAD” chunks/packets

into an otherwise valid file on the network

• Defection attacks; Users or software that make use of

the internet without contributing resources to it.

• Insertion of virus to carried data e.g. downloaded or

carried files may be infected with virus or other malware.
 Attacks on peer to peer networks cont;
• Malware in the peer to peer network software
itself (e.g. distributed software may contain
spyware )

• Denial of service attacks; attacks hat may make

the network run very slow or break completely

• Filtering; ( network operators may attempt to

prevent peer to peer network data from being
carried out
Attacks on peer to peer networks cont;
• Identity attacks: tracking down the users of the
network and harassing or legally attacking them

• Spamming; e.g. Sending unsolicited

information across the network--not
necessarily as a denial of service attack

• Distributed denial of service; ( a denial of

service that attacks multiple host computers.
END