B) Water softening methods and

Demineralization : lime-soda, Ion-

Exchange, R.O. and
Electrodialysis
C) Fluoridation and defluoridation.
 Introduction
• “Water softening is the process through which
calcium and magnesium ion are eliminated from
hard water“
• 3 Best Method of Water Softeninig
• Ion exchange
• Distillation
• Reverse Osmosis
 Ion exchange process
• Ion exchange is a
process by which
ion held on a
porous, insoluble
solid are
exchanged in the
ion solution
 DISTILLATION
• Distillers work by
heating water to
create steam . The
steam is then cooled
to collect a purified
water
 Reverse osmosis
• Reverse osmosis is a
technology that is used
to remove a large
majority of
contaminants from
water by pushing the
water under pressure
through a semipermeable
membrane
 Softening
• Surface waters are generally softer than GWs
– For hardness levels < 200 mg/L as CaCO3, no softening is
required
• Softening is often required for GW
– Especially when hardness is > 1000 mg/L
• Processes
– Lime-soda (gives crude levels of removal, cheap)
• Quick lime (CaO) or hydrated lime (Ca(OH)2) is added to
water
• Carbonates of Ca precipitate out of solution
• Mg(OH)2 precipitates at pH >11, excess lime has to be
added
• Can bring hardness down to 30-40 mg/L of CaCO3
 Softening
• Ion exchange (for finer applications, expensive,
for <30 to 40 mg/L of CaCO3)
– Zeolites: can be natural or synthetic
– Ion exchange resins: cationic or anionic
• Na+ or H+ is exchanged for Ca 2+and Mg2+, does not
contribute to hardness
• Regeneration required; much higher removal efficiencies
can be achieved
Zeolites
 Demineralization or TDS removal
Processes for removing TDS from water
• Membrane processes
– Electrodialysis (ED) and Electrodialysis reversal (EDR)
– Reverse Osmosis (RO)
• Distillation
• Freezing
• Distillation and RO account for 87% of the
desalination capacity in the world
 Demineralization
Processes for removing TDS from water
• Membrane processes
– Electric current driven: electrodialysis or electrodialysis reversal
– Pressure driven: reverse osmosis, nanofiltration, ultrafiltration,
microfiltration
• Distillation
– Multi-stage flash distillation (MSF)
– Multiple effect evaporation (or distillation) - MED
– Vapor compression (VC)
– Solar distillation
• Freezing
 Membrane Processes
• Defined as processes in which a membrane is
used to permeate high-quality water while
rejecting passage of dissolved and suspended
solids
• Used for demineralization (or desalination)
and removal of dissolved and suspended
particles
Membrane Processes
 Zeolite process
• Also known as base exchange or cation exchange
process.
• Zeolites are complex compound of aluminium, silica and
soda either natural or synthetic in nature.
• Natural zeolites are mainly processed by Green sang
(glauconite)
• Has an exchange value of 6500 to 9500 gm/m3
• Common artificial zeolite is purmutite. (SiO2Al2O3Na2O)
• Has a high exchange value of 35000 to 40000 gm/m3
 Permutit Process
• Permutit is also known as Zeolite. They are
capable of exchanging ions reversibly.
• The chemical formula for permutit is
– Na2O. Al2O3.SiO2.6H2O. In short it is written as Na2-
P or Na2-Z.
– For softening of water by this method, hard water is
percolated at a specified rate through a bed of zeolite
kept in a cylinder. The hardness causing ions (Ca+
+&Mg++) are retained by the permutit as Ca- Z & Mg-
Z. While the out going water contains sodium salts.
 Ion exchange method
• This is most modern method for softening hard water. By using this method
almost all salts can be removed completely from hard water and the water
obtained is as good as distill water.
• In this process two types of resins are used i.e. cation exchange resin &
anion exchange resin, cation exchange resin contains (-COOH, -SO3H)
function groups and are capable of exchanging their H+ ions with cations.
• While anion exchange resin contains (-NH2, -OH) functional group and are
capable of exchanging OH- ions with anions. In the process two columns,
one consist of cation exchange resin & another consist of anion exchange
resin are used.
• The hard water is first allowed to pass through a column containing cation
exchange resins. Which remove all the cations like Ca+2, Mg+2 etc. and
release H+ ions. Reaction in first column takes place as under.
 Demineralisation/ Deionisation
• The zeolites used are Zeo-karbs, catex or
organolite also called as carbonaceous zeolites or
hydrogen exchanger.
• Chemical composition is represented as H2Z.
• H2Z + Ca(HCO3)2=CaZ+2CO2+2H2O
• H2Z+CaSO4=CaZ+H2SO4
• H2Z+CaCl2=CaZ+2HCl
• Similar reactions take place for compound of
magnecium.
 Types of hardness:
• 1. Temporary hardness/carbonate hardness…
– Caused by Calcium bicarbonates[Ca(HCO3)2] or Magnesium
bicarbonates [Mg(HCO3)2]
– Can be removed by boiling or lime addition.
• 2. Permanent hardness/non carbonate hardness….
Caused by ..
– Calcium sulphates[CaSO4]
– Magnesium sulphates [MgSO4]
– Calcium chlorides [CaCl2]
– Magnesium chlorides [MgCl2]
• Can be removed by lime-soda process, Zeolite process or by
demineralization.
• Lime Soda softening plant….
– Feeding and mixing device
– Settling basins
– Recarbonation or stabilization plant
– filters