Diploma in Engineering

ELECTRICAL PRINCIPLES
Lesson on
Chapter 4:
Energy & Power
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 Objectives
Objectives
 At the end of the lesson, you will be
able to:
 Define Energy and Power
 Perform power and energy calculations
 Define power rating of a resistor
 Select resistors to use based on power
considerations
 Explain energy conversion and voltage drop

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 Introduction
Introduction
 This chapter will deal with:
 The relationship between the terms: energy and power
 Calculations on power dissipation and power rating of a
resistor
 Selection of a resistor based on power rating and energy
consideration

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 4.1
4.1Energy
Energyand
andPower
Power

 When current passes through a resistance, electrical

energy is converted to other forms of energy e.g. heat
and light
 Energy is the ability to do work
 SI Unit of energy is Joules (J)

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 Energy and Power
 Power is a measure of how fast energy is being
used
 It is the rate of consumption of energy

Energy W Joule
Power   P ( or Watt )
time t second

 Unit of Power is Watt (W)

 Power is 1 Watt when one Joule of energy is used
in one second

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 Energy and Power
Example 4-1: An amount of energy equal to 100 J is
used in 5 s. What is the power in watts?

Energy 100 J
Power   P  20W
time 5s

Example 4-2: If 100 W of power occurs for half a

minute, how much energy, in joules, is
used?

Energy = 100 W x 30 s = 3000 J = 3 kJ

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 The Kilowatt-hour
 SI unit for Energy is Joules

 But Energy = Power(W) x time(s)

 Hence Energy can also be measured in:

 Watt-seconds or Ws if P(W) and t(s)
(Watt-seconds = Joules)
 Watt-hour or Wh if P(W) and t(h)
 Kilowatt-hour or kWh if P(kW) and t(h)
 Because the Joule is a very small unit of
energy, the kWh is often used when
measuring larger amounts of power
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 The Kilowatt-hour
Example 4-3: Determine the number of kWh for
each of the following energy
consumed:
P = 1400 W = 1.4 kW
(a) 1400 W for 1 h W = Pt = (1.4 kW)(1 h) = 1.4 kWh

(b) 2500 W for 2 h P = 2500 W = 2.5 kW

W = Pt = (2.5 kW)(2 h) = 5 kWh

P = 100000 W = 100 kW
(c) 100,000 W for 5 h W = Pt = (100 kW)(5 h)
= 500 kWh
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 The Kilowatt-hour

A 60 W light bulb is turned on for 8 hours.

Calculate the amount of energy consumed
giving your answer in:
(a) Joules
(b) kWh

Answers:
(a) 1.728 x 106 J
(b) 0.48 kWh

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 4.2
4.2Power
Powerin
inan
anElectric
ElectricCircuit
Circuit
Heat produced by
current through
V +
resistance is a result
_ of energy conversions
I
R

Power (P) dissipated in resistor

V2
V P
P=VI R
I R
P = I2 R

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 Power in an Electric Circuit

Example 4-4: Calculate the power for the circuit.

2A
+
10V _ R P = VI = (10V)(2A) = 20W

What is the new power dissipated if I is doubled and V

remains the same?

P = 10 V x 4 A = 40 W

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 Power in an Electric Circuit
Example 4-5: Calculate the power for the circuit.

2A
+
2 2
V _ 47W P = I R = (2A) (47W) = 188W

What is the new power dissipated if R is doubled and I

remains the same?

2
P = 2 x 94 = 376 W

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 Power in an Electric Circuit
Example 4-6: Calculate the power for the circuit

I What is the new

5V
+
10W power dissipation
_
if V is halved and
R remains the
same?

V 2  5V   2.5 V  2
2
P   2.5W P   0.625 W
R 10 10 

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 Power in an Electric Circuit

Example 4-7: A 100 W light bulb operates on 120 V.

How much current does it require?

P 100W
I   0.833A  833mA
V 120V

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 4.3
4.3Resistor
ResistorPower
PowerRatings
Ratings
 All resistors have a Power Rating
 This is the maximum amount of power that the
resistor can dissipate without being damaged by
excessive heat build-up
 Power rating is NOT related to resistance value but
to the physical size, shape and composition of
resistor
 Generally, the larger the Power Rating, the larger
the Surface Area of the resistor

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 Resistor Power Ratings
All are 2200Ω resistors

Relative Sizes of ⅛W
Metal Film Resistors ¼W
with Standard Power
Ratings ½W

1W

Adjustable Wire Wound

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 Resistor Power Ratings
 Resistors used in circuits must have power ratings
higher than the maximum power that it will have to
handle

V 2 10V  2
P   0.833W
I R 120
+
10V _ 120W Resistor must have power
rating higher than the actual
power.
Hence at least a 1 W resistor
should be used.

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 Resistor Power Ratings
10mA P = I2R = (10 mA)2(1 kW) = 0.1 W
+
V Hence a minimum of a
_

1kW ⅛W resistor should be

used in this case.

Resistor Failure
When the power in a resistor is higher than its rating,
the resistor will become excessively hot

Its resistance value will either be greatly altered or it

will burn and become an open-circuit

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4.4
4.4 Energy
EnergyConversion
Conversionand
andVoltage
Voltage
Drop
Dropacross
acrossResistance
Resistance
 When current passes through a resistance, electrical
energy is converted to heat energy
 This heat is caused by free electrons colliding within
the atomic structure of the resistive material
 When a collision occurs the free electrons also lose
some of the acquired energy
 When this happens, a voltage drop occurs across the
resistor

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 Energy Conversion and Voltage Drop
across Resistance

Energy drop in this

+ + direction causes
_ _
R potential difference or
voltage drop

W
V 
Q

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 Summary
Summary
 Power is the rate of consumption of energy.

 Energy is the ability to do work and is equal to

(power) X (time).

 The kilowatt-hour (kWh) is a practical unit of energy.

 The power rating of a resistor is the maximum power

that the resistor can handle, without any damage.

 A resistor should have a power rating higher than the

maximum power that it is expected to dissipate in the
circuit.
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 Summary

 The power rating of a resistor is not related to the

resistance value.
 It is determined mainly by the physical composition,
size, and shape of the resistor.
 Resistors with a larger physical size can dissipate
more power in the form of heat than smaller ones.
 A resistor normally opens when it overheats and
fails.

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 End of Chapter 4 Lesson

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