ME 234 Mechanics of Materials – I

Lecture 8-9

Dr. Rizwan Saeed Choudhry

rizwan.choudhry@gmail.com

Dept of Mechanical Engineering,

NUST, College of E & ME, Rawalpindi,
College of Pakistan
Electrical and Mechanical
Engineering
This Lecture
• Examples: Simple Design Problems
• Mini-Projects
Simple Design Problems
• Sample Problem 1.2 – Mechanics of
B
Materials 2nd Edition F. P. Beer and E. Russell
P
A
• Two forces are applied to the bracket BCD as 50 KN 15 KN
shown. 0.6 m
– Control rod AB is to be made of steel with
ultimate tensile strength of 600 MPa, determine
C D
the diameter of the rod for which the factor of
safety will be 3.3.
– The pin at C is to be made of steel having 0.3 m 0.3 m
ultimate shearing strength of 350 MPa, determine
the diameter of pin C for which the factor of t
t
safety with respect to shear will also be 3.3
– Determine the required thickness of bracket
supports at C knowing that the allowable stress
of the steel used is 300 MPa
Simple Design Problems
Consider the free body diagram: Equilibrium P B
dictates that;
50 KN 15 KN
M c  0; 0.6 m
 P(0.6)  50 E 3(0.3)  15E 3(0.6)  0
C
 P  40kN Cx D
Cy
F x  0  C x  40kN
0.3 m 0.3 m

F y  0 : C y  15  50kN  65kN

C  C x2  C y2  76.3kN
Simple Design Problems

Diameter of Control rod: P B

u
 all  50 KN 15 KN
F .S 0.6 m
 all  Allowable stress in control rod
 u  Ultimate Tensile Stress of Steel C
Cx D
600 Cy
  all   181.8MPa
3.3 0.3 m 0.3 m
Stress in control rod should not exceed allowable stress, hence
P P 40E 3
 all   A req   Areq   220.02mm 2
A req  all 181.8 E 6
 2
 Areq  d rod  220.02mm 2
4
 d  16.74mm
Simple Design Problems

Diameter of Pin at C: P B
u
 all  50 KN 15 KN
F .S
0.6 m
 all  Allowable shear stress for pin at C
 u  Ultimate Shear Stress of Steel C
350 Cx D
  all   106.1MPa t Cy
3.3 t
0.3 m 0.3 m
Note the pin is in double shear

 The load is distributed equally on the two sides hence

C C C
Ceff   38.15kN  all  eff  A req  eff
2 A req  all
Stress in the pin should not exceed allowable shear stress
Simple Design Problems

Diameter of Pin at C: P B

38.15E 3 50 KN 15 KN
 Areq   359.6 mm 2 0.6 m
106.1E 6
C

 2 Cx D
 Areq  d rod  359.6 mm2 Cy
4 0.3 m 0.3 m

 d  21.4 mm
Use pin of d  22 mm
Simple Design Problems

Thickness of bracket supports at C: t

• Since the pin is bearing against the bracket t
supports at C we need to find the normal (i.e.
bearing) stress due to the pin at C
t
Ceff 38.15kN
 Abearing    127.2mm 2
 all 300 MPa
d = 22
Abearing  d pin * t  22 * t  127.2mm 2

 t  5.78mm
Design Problems - Allowable loads
Problem 1.49 – Mechanics of Materials A
2nd Edition F. P. Beer and E. Russell 12 mm

Beam and Strut problems: 200 mm

Areas of application ? B C D
Objective: Determine the maximum
acceptable load limit ? P
What are the factors that control the load ?
150 mm 100 mm
• The shear strength of the pin connection between
strut and support
• The shear strength of the pin connection between beam and
support
• The axial strength of the strut (normal, bearing and net stress)
Design Problems - Allowable loads

• Which component will be critical A

for design ? 12 mm

• It's unlikely that all three of these 200 mm

components will have the same B C D
strength. One of them will control,
meaning that one of these P
considerations will limit how much
load can be supported by the structure. 150 mm 100 mm
• The stress developed in the controlling component
will reach its allowable stress while the stresses
developed in the other components will be less than
their respective allowable stresses.
Design Problems - Allowable loads

• Problem Statement A
• Strut AC is made of steel with 12 mm
Ultimate tensile strength of 200 mm
400MPa.
B C D
• AC has an area of 6 x 12 mm
• Shear strength of pins is P
175MPa.
• Pin at C and A has a diameter of 150 mm 100 mm
9mm.
• Pin at B has a diameter of
7.5mm.
• Desired factor of safety is 3.25
Allowable loads – Calculation Steps
A
1. Calculate the forces and reactions in 12 mm
terms of load P.
2. Calculate the normal and shear stress in 200 mm
each member in terms of load P. (please
note that three types of normal stress are B C D
possible i.e. gross normal stress, bearing
stress and net stress.) P
3. Calculate the allowable normal and shear
stresses using factor of safety. 150 mm 100 mm
4. Compare the largest value of normal and
shear stress (in terms of P) with the
allowable values to find the value of
unknown load P.
5. The smaller of the values of P is the
acceptable maximum load.
Design Problems - Allowable loads
A
Consider the free body diagram
12 mm

M B  0  P(250)  FAC sin(53.13) 150 200 mm

 FAC  2.0833P B C D

F y 0 P

 By  FAC sin(53.13)  P
150 mm 100 mm
FAC
B y  P  1.667P  B y  0.667P
53.13o C D

F x  0  Bx  FAC cos(53.13)  0 Bx
P
By
Bx  (2.0833P) cos(53.13)  0  Bx  1.25P
150 mm 100 mm
Design Problems - Allowable loads
A
B  B  B  B  1.4168P
2
x
2
y 12 mm

Normal Stress in Strut AC is 200 mm

F 2.0833P B C D
 AC  AC   0.0289P MPa
Agross 72
P

Shear Stress in Pin at A and C is 150 mm 100 mm

d 2  (9) 2 FAC
Apin    63.617mm 2
4 4 53.13o C D
F 2.0833P
 AC  AC   0.0327P MPa Bx
Apin 63.617 By P

150 mm 100 mm
Design Problems - Allowable loads
A
Bearing stress in strut AC is 12 mm
FAC
 bearing  AC  200 mm
Abearing
B C D
FAC 2.0833 P
  0.03858 P
td 69 P

Net stress in strut AC is 150 mm 100 mm

FAC FAC
 net  AC 
Anet
53.13o C D
FAC 2.0833P
  0.1157 P Bx
(12  d )  t (12  9)  6
By P

150 mm 100 mm
Design Problems - Allowable loads
A
Shear Stress in Pin at B is 12 mm

d 2  (7.5) 2 200 mm
Apin    44.179mm 2
4 4 B C D
B 1.4168P
 pin  B    0.03207P MPa P
Apin 44.179
Now with a factor of safety of 3.25 the allowable 150 mm 100 mm
tensile stress in link AC is
400
 allowable AC   123.076MPa
3.25
Allowable shear stress in Pins is
175
 allowable pins   53.846MPa
3.25
Design Problems - Allowable loads
Comparing the largest normal stress in member with allowable
normal stress
0.1157 P  123.076 A
 P  1063.39 N 12 mm
Comparing the largest shear stress in members 200 mm
with allowable shear stress B C D

0.0327P  53.846
P
 P  1646.67 N
The design will be dictated by the smallest load 150 mm 100 mm
that causes failure in any of the member, in this
case tensile failure in strut around pin at A.
Hence Maximum Load at D is 1063 N
Design Problems - Allowable loads

Introduction to Solid Mechanics –

Irwing H. Shames – Problem 2.56
Differential form of Equilibrium Equations

• Statics  Discrete Rigid Bodies

 Equilibrium configuration expressed in algebraic
form.
• Solid Mechanics  Deformable Continuum
 How would you write equilibrium equations for a
deformable body?
• If force distribution is uniform we may use algebraic
equations for expressing equilibrium
• If force distribution is expected to be non-uniform
Equilibrium equations expressed in differential form
Differential form of Equilibrium Equations

• Consider an infinitesimal element in a

body.
• Consider stresses in
x-direction
• Normal stress on
face 1
• Normal stress on
y
face 2
• Similarly for other
faces .. x
• Note the body forces are also present… z
Differential form of Equilibrium Equations

• Summing stresses in x- direction

F X 0

• Canceling terms and dividing throughout by dxdydz

 xx  yx  zx
   Bx  0
x y z
Differential form of Equilibrium Equations

• Using complementary property of shear

 xx  yx  zx
   Bx  0
x y z
• If we perform similar computations along other two
axis, we get equilibrium equations for a point in the
body.     
yxzx
xx

Bx0

x  y 
z

yx 
yy
 yz 
By0

x  y 
z

  
zy
 zz
zx

Bz0

x  y 
z
Important considerations
• These equations express equilibrium as a function of position
and hence stresses and body force distributions rather then
discrete forces and moments.
• The moment equilibrium requirement is accounted for by
taking note of the complementary property of shear.
• The development is independent of type of material and
hence applicable generally.
• The equations contain more unknowns (six stresses) then the
number of equations (three) – hence in general form all the
problem in solid mechanics are statically indeterminate.
• Hence we need to supplement the equilibrium with
considerations of compatibility and constitutive equations to
solve the problems.
Review

• Introduction to solid mechanics and the need for this subject.

• What is Stress.
• Introduction to simple methods for determining stress distributions in
variety of problems (Uniaxial, Biaxial and Triaxial cases) without
considering material properties.
• Introduction to stress tensor and explanation of some of its
important properties.
• Introduction to design philosophy and basic design criterion based
on ultimate tensile strength.
• Introduction to differential form of equilibrium equations hence
establishing that stress can be related to the position of any point in
the body.
Assignment 2 – Mini Design Projects

• Due Date 26th April 2011

• Form group of 5 students - At least one student with
GPA above 3.5 and one below 2.5 in each group.
• Each group should send me through email (word
Doc) at least five topics ordered according to its
preference (You may also suggest your own topic). I
will allocate the projects based on your preference
and in the order of received emails
• Include names of group members and their CGPA in
the list.
Assignment 2 – Mini Design Projects

• Possible list of projects to highlight the expected level of

difficulty – you are free to choose your project out of this list
as well.
• Design a wall mount for a 1.5 ton split AC unit. Compare at
least two designs giving there relative advantages
• Design a 40 L capacity CNG cylinder for Suzuki Alto, which
offers 20% weight saving as compared with existing
cylinders.
• For a spindle wound fibre-reinforced composite CNG
cylinder determine the optimal winding angle, such that the
both the axial and hoop stresses are the same.
• Design a deployable swing for children aged up to 7 years.
The overall weight of swing should not be more then 3 Kg.
Assignment 2 – Mini Design Projects

• Design a car jack for Honda City – note the weight

should not be more then the weight of existing car
jacks for Honda City.
• Design a wall mount for 50 Inch Sony LCD TV –
compare at least two designs.
• Design a robotic arm capable of lifting 40 kg of load
while stretched to maximum length. The arm
thickness should not be more then 20 mm diameter
and the robotic arm’s overall length is 1 m. The
overall weight of the arm should not exceed 5 Kg
• Design the major tower for a 1.5 MW Horizontal Axis
Wind Turbine.
Assignment 2 – Mini Design Projects

I am looking for ?
• Discussion of various aspects of design explaining
– How you reached a particular conclusion
– How can the simplifying assumptions be justified.
– What aspects you did not take in account.
– If you think a particular project cannot be designed with the
items covered in the subject so far, explain the limitations
(for example – statically indeterminate) and if possible
simplify the original design to reach a first design for the
product.
• Originality
• Proper referencing of other’s work
Assignment 2 – Mini Design Projects

• Please note that I am not looking for long irrelevant

essays and pages copied out of books and from
internet.
• Plagiarism is a very serious offence… According to the
definition given by the University of Manchester (Similar
definitions are used by other universities as well)
“Plagiarism is presenting the ideas, works or words of other
people without proper, clear and unambiguous
acknowledgement.”
• It is important that you distinguish between the work of
others and your addition to it or your completely new
contribution.
• You should never copy paste – even from your own
previous work (self-plagiarism)
Shear Stress Visualization

Shear stress visualization examples

• Shear punch
• Shear Key and Gear