LECTURE - 37

CASE STUDIES ON RETROFITTING

AND REHABILITATION
RETROFITTING:
- The addition of new technology or features to older
systems and improving the structures with energy
efficiency or the process of strengthening existing
structural components in order to make them resistant.

REHABILITATION:
- reconstruction of the structural components which
were damaged.

Prof.R.Sundaravadivelu, Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Madras

 DAMAGED PILES

Prof.R.Sundaravadivelu, Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Madras

Problems of Concrete Piles
 Loss of reinforcement due to corrosion
 Lack of confinement in concrete and
 Deterioration of concrete due to attack of multiple
environmental agencies

Rehabilitation Methods
 Concrete jacketing
 Steel jacketing
 FRP wrapping

Prof.R.Sundaravadivelu, Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Madras

 Wrapping RC Pile with GFRP Composite

Prof.R.Sundaravadivelu, Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Madras

 OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE
• Objective:
– The main objective is to study the behaviour of concrete piles
wrapped with GFRP composites and to develop guidelines for
retrofitting and rehabilitation of piles.
• Scope:
– Test control pile specimens upto failure
– Retrofit concrete piles with GFRP fabric
– Test the retrofitted concrete piles under monotonic lateral load
with and without axial compressive loads
– Test the concrete piles upto the first flexural crack
– Rehabilitate the cracked piles with GFRP wrapping
– Study the behavior of retrofitted piles using ansys and
– Develop guidelines for retrofitting and rehabilitation of concrete
piles using GFRP composists.

Prof.R.Sundaravadivelu, Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Madras

 MATERIAL PROPERTIES OF STEEL REINFORCEMENT

MATERIAL PROPERTIES
Sl. Diameter Yield Yield Ultimate Young’s
No. of the Strain Stress Stress Modulus
Rebar (mm/mm (N/mm2) (N/mm2) (N/mm2)
(mm) )

2.05 x
1 6 0.0032 324 608
105

2 8 0.0037 435 640 2.2 x 105

Test Setup for Steel Reinforcement

Testing

Prof.R.Sundaravadivelu, Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Madras

 350
500

300
450

400
250
350

Stress (N/mm )
Stress (N/mm )

2
2

300
200
250
150
200

150
100
100
50
50

0
0
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.014
Strain Strain

Stress vs Strain curve for 6mm Stress vs Strain curve for 8 mm

mild steel bar HYSD steel bar

Prof.R.Sundaravadivelu, Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Madras

 MATERIAL PROPERTIES OF GFRP COMPOSITES

Materials Tested

Resin : Epoxy
Reinforcement : ECR Glass WRM 610gsm
Reinforcement
Resin
Gel Coat
Releasing Agent

Structure Through Thickness of Laminate in Hand Lay–up

Process

Prof.R.Sundaravadivelu, Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Madras

CHARACTERIZATION OF FRP COMPOSITE
MATERIALS

Instron Testing Machine Flexure Test Set-up

Prof.R.Sundaravadivelu, Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Madras

CAST RESIN TENSION TEST COUPON TENSION TEST COUPONS OF GFRP
16
300
14
250
12

200 10

Load (kg)
Load (kg)

8
150 Specimen 1
6 Specimen 2
100 4 Specimen 3

2
50
0
0 0 2 4 6 8
0 1 2 3 4 Deflection (mm)
Extension (mm)

LOAD/EXTENSION CURVE FOR CAST RESIN LOAD/EXTENSION CURVE FOR CAST RESIN IN
IN TENSION FLEXURE
 300 250

250 200

200
Stress (N/mm2)

Stress (N/mm )
2
150

150
100 Specimen 1
Specimen 1
Specimen 2
100 Specimen 2 Specimen 3
Specimen 3 50
50

0
0
0 5000 10000 15000 20000
0 5000 10000 15000 20000
Micro Strain
Micro Strain

Stress/Strain Curve for GFRP Composite in Warp and Wept Direction

120 90

80
100
70

80 60
Stress (N/mm2)

Load (kg)
50
60
Specimen 1 40
Specimen 1
specimen 2
40 30 specimen2
Specimen 3
Specimen 3
20
20
10

0 0
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 0 2 4 6 8
Micro Strain Extension (mm)

Stress/Strain Curve for GFRP Load/Deflection Curve for GFRP Composite

Composite in 450 Direction in in Flexure
 MATERIAL PROPERTIES OF CAST RESIN
Sl.
Property Standards Value
No.
1 Specific gravity BIS 6746-1994 1.17
2 Viscosity BIS 6746:1994 9433 centipoise
2 Gel time BIS 6746-1994 55 minutes
Peak exothermic
3 BS 2782:1994: Method 111-D 69˚C
Temperature
Heat Deflection BS 2782: Part1: 1994:Method
4 93˚ C
Temperature 121A
5 Hardness ASTM: D 2583-95 23
Tensile Properties
69 N/mm2
6 (i) Tensile Strength ISO 3268- 1978 (E)
2124 N/mm2
(ii) Tensile Modulus
Flexural Properties
112 N/mm2
7 (i) Flexural Strength ISO 178- 1975 (E)
2888 N/mm2
(ii) Flexural Modulus
8 Izod Impact Energy ISO 180/1A of ISO: 180-1982(E) 9.41 kJ/m2

Prof.R.Sundaravadivelu, Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Madras

MATERIAL PROPERTIES OF GFRP COMPOSITE
Sl.No Description Standards Results
Tensile Properties
(i). Tensile Strength in Warp Direction 260 N/mm2
(ii). Tensile Modulus in Warp direction, E1 14708 N/mm2
(iii). Poission’s ratio υ12 0.16
1 ISO 3268- 1978 (E)
248 N/mm2
(iv). Tensile Strength in Weft Direction
13886 N/mm2
(v). Tensile Modulus in Weft Direction, E2
2632 N/mm2
(vi). Shear Modulus G12
Flexural Properties
285 N/mm2
2 (i). Flexural Strength ISO 178- 1975(E)
11477 N/mm2
(ii). Flexural Modulus
Shear Strength
ASTM D2344 and ASTM 22 N/mm2
3 (i). Short Beam Method
D3846-02 13 N/mm2
(ii). Lap Shear
4 Izod Impact Energy ISO 180 – 1982 (E) 4.60 J/cm
BS 2782: Part 10: Method
5 Volume Fraction of Fibers 34 %
1002: 1977
ISO: 62 - 1980 (E) Method
6 Water absorption 0.13%
-1

Prof.R.Sundaravadivelu, Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Madras

 Geometry and Reinforcement Details of RC Pile

Prof.R.Sundaravadivelu, Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Madras

Steel Mould used for casting Column

Wooden Mould used for casting Beams

 Reinforcement Cage Water Proofing of Strain Gauges

Casting of Pile Specimen Cast Pile Specimen

Experimental Setup for
Failure Mode of Specimen CA1
Axial Compression

Prof.R.Sundaravadivelu, Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Madras

 Cracking of Resin Just Before Failure of GFRP Wrap by
Rupture of Fabric in Specimen RTA1 Rupture in Specimen RTA1

Prof.R.Sundaravadivelu, Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Madras

 Experimental Setup for Lateral Load

Prof.R.Sundaravadivelu, Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Madras

 Hydrauli
Pile c Jack
specimen
Strong
Roller Concrete Test Concrete
Concret
A- Bearing block Floor block A-
Frame e block Frame
s

Concret
e block

Actuator

Prof.R.Sundaravadivelu, Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Madras

 500kN Hydraulic Angular Bearing
Jack

Fixing the Beam with Channels

Jack arrangement for applying axial

Load

Prof.R.Sundaravadivelu, Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Madras

Data acquisition System for Applying Lateral
Displacements

Prof.R.Sundaravadivelu, Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Madras

Failure of Pile in Tension for Failure of concrete in compression
Specimen CL1 for Specimen CL1

Prof.R.Sundaravadivelu, Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Madras

Formation of Flexural Cracks Crushing Concrete on Compression
on Tension Side Side for Specimen CAL1

Prof.R.Sundaravadivelu, Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Madras

 Failure or Pile Specimen RTCL1

Prof.R.Sundaravadivelu, Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Madras

 4500

4000

3500

3000
Lateral Load (N)

2500

2000

1500
CL1
1000 RTL1

500

0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210
Lateral Displacement (mm)

Comparison of Lateral Load Vs Lateral Displacement

Prof.R.Sundaravadivelu, Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Madras

 Failure of Pile Specimen RTCA1

Prof.R.Sundaravadivelu, Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Madras

 6000

5000

Lateral Load (N) 4000

3000

2000
CAL1
RTAL1
1000

0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210
Lateral Displacement (mm)

Comparison of Lateral Load Vs Lateral Displacement

Prof.R.Sundaravadivelu, Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Madras

Cracking of Resin in Pile
Specimen RTAL2

Cracking of RC Pile Specimen

RTAL2

Prof.R.Sundaravadivelu, Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Madras

 6000

5000

Lateral Load (N)

4000

3000

2000
CAL2
RTAL2
1000

0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210
Lateral Displacement (mm)

Comparison of Lateral Load Vs Lateral Displacement

Prof.R.Sundaravadivelu, Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Madras

 6000

5000

Lateral Load (N)

4000

3000

2000 RTL1
RTAL1
1000 RTAL2

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Lateral Displacement (mm)

Lateral Load Vs Lateral Displacement Lateral Load Vs Lateral Displacement

for control Specimens for Retrofitted Specimens

Prof.R.Sundaravadivelu, Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Madras

 1.2 Control Expt

Wrapped Expt

1 Control SP:16

Wrapped SP:16

0.8
2
Pu/fck D

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
3
Mu/fck D

Pu-Mu Curves

Prof.R.Sundaravadivelu, Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Madras

Tension cracks in Specimen CCYL1 Crushing of Concrete in Specimen CCYL1

Prof.R.Sundaravadivelu, Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Madras

 Failure of Pile Specimen RHCYL1 by Rupture of Fabric

Prof.R.Sundaravadivelu, Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Madras

 3000
3000

2000 2000
Lateral Load (N)

1000 1000

Lateral Load (N)

0 0
-300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 -300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300
-1000 -1000

-2000 -2000

-3000 -3000
Displacement (mm) Displacement (mm)

Hysteretic loops for Control and Rehabilitated Specimens

Prof.R.Sundaravadivelu, Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Madras

 3000

2000

Lateral Load (N) 1000

CCYL1
RHCYL1
0
-300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300

-1000

-2000

-3000
Displacement (mm)

Stiffness curves for control and rehabilitated specimens

Prof.R.Sundaravadivelu, Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Madras

 RESULTS
• The increase in ultimate axial load carrying capacity for the
retrofitted specimen over the control specimen is 58% for
specimen subjected to axial compression
• The lateral load carrying capacity of the pile increases by 52%,
67% and 28% when the specimen is subjected to zero, 1/3rd and
2/3rd ultimate axial compression for static lateral load.
• The increase in lateral load capacity for the retrofitted specimen
over the control specimen is 53%, 29% and 39% for specimen
subjected to lateral load with zero, 1/3rd and 2/3rd ultimate axial
compression.
• The control specimen subjected to cyclic lateral shows reduction
in stiffness after yielding. Where as the rehabilitated specimen
does not reduction and ductility performance is very good.

Prof.R.Sundaravadivelu, Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Madras