English

Language Focus: Modal Verbs of Obligation

12
Modul ke:
Vocabulary: Celebrities, Charity and Trade
Skills:
Reading: Finding a Voice
Career Skills: Making a Case
Dilemma and Discussion: Selling Up or Selling Out?
Fakultas
Ekonomi &
Bisnis
Program Studi
Akuntansi
Dra. Harisa Mardiana M. Pd
 LOBBIES

Bahasa Inggris 4
Keynotes:
Organizations such as Charities, pressure groups and
industry groups campaign or lobby governments or
companies in an effort to persuade them to introduce or
change policies. They can use any of the following
methods to influence opinion: demonstrations – such
as marches and sit-ins, petitions – collecting names and
signatures on a letter of protest, litigation - taking legal
action against companies or institutions, boycotts –
refusing to buy products and services from a targeted
company or celebrities to raise public awareness of a
cause.
• Charities: an organization set up to provide help
and raise money for those in need.
• Pressure groups: a group that tries to influence
public policy in the interest of a particular cause.
• Industry groups: Private industrial or professional
organization that monitors and analyses industry
trends and published industry documents.
• Lobby governments: The act of attempting to
influence government leaders to create legislation or
conduct an activity that will help a particular
organization. 
• Demonstrations: the act or circumstance of
proving or being proved conclusively, as by reasoning
or a show of evidence.
• Petitions:  a document embodying such a formal
written request.
• Litigation: A legal contest carrying on by judicial
process.
• Boycotts: to engage in a concerted refusal to have dealings
with (a person, a store, an organization, etc.) usually to express
disapproval or to force acceptance of certain conditions.
• Celebrities:  A famous or celebrated person .
MODAL VERBS OF OBLIGATION
• HE
M What are MODAL VERBS?
US
T
TO
M
O
RR
O
W
• Th
ey
ar
 What are MODAL VERBS?

– HE CAN WILL MEET YOU

– 2 modals verbs cannot go together
– HE MUST TO MEET YOU TOMORROW
– Followed by infinitive without “to”, except
modal verb HAVE TO.
•
HE What are MODAL VERBS?
CA
NS
M
EE
T
YO
U
• Do
n’t
ha
ve
 What are MODAL VERBS?
• DO CAN YOU MEET ?) I DON’T CAN MEET
• Don’t use do/does in questions/
negatives, but use inversion in questions
and “NOT” after the modal
 OTHER TENSES

• MUST: past & future with HAVE TO

• When I was young, we had to wear a
uniform at school
• Next year you will have to study harder
• I
m MUST & HAVE TO
us
t
fin
ish
m
y
ho
m
e
w
or
k
 MUST

• I must find a hotel to stay at tonight (“I

have to find a hotel” is also possible)
• The speaker decides that something is
necessary (INTERNAL decision)
 HAVE TO

• I have to wear a uniform

• Somebody else has made the decision,
it’s not the speaker’s opinion
(EXTERNAL decision)
• Ve
ryMUSTN’T & DON’T HAVE TO
di
ffe
re
nt
m
ea
ni
ng
s
in
ne
ga
• Yo
u MUSTN’T
m
us
tn
’t
op
en
th
e
do
or.
La
tel
• Yo
u DON’T HAVE TO
do
n’
t
ha
ve
to
op
en
th
e
do
or.
Terima Kasih
Dra. Harisa Mardiana M.Pd