OBSTACLES IN CHAINING

OBSTACLES IN CHAINING
• OBSTACLES TO RANGING
• OBSTACLES TO CHAINING
• OBSTACLES TO BOTH CHAINING AND
RANGING
OBSTACLE TO RANGING
• Case 1: Both ends of the line are visible from intermediate
points on the line
• Method of Reciprocal ranging can be used
• Case 2: Both ends of the line may not be visible
from intermediate points on the line

B1
D1
C1
Random line

A C D B
•• Let
  AB be the line in which A and B are not visible from
intermediate point on it
• Through A draw a random line AB1 in any convenient
direction
• The point B1 should be so chosen such that
– B1 is visible from B and
– BB1 is perpendicular to the random line
– Measure BB1
• Select points C1 and D1 on the random line
• Erect perpendicular CC1 and DD1
• ΔABB1, ADD1 and ACC1 are similar triangles

• Join C and D and prolong

OBSTACLES TO CHAINING BUT NOT
RANGING
• Case 1: When it is possible to chain round the
obstacle, i.e. a pond, hedge etc.

A B
Method (a)
B

C
C D

A B
• Select 2 points A and B on either side
• Set out equal perpendiculars AC and BD
• CD = AB
Method (b)

C
C

A B

 •Set out AC perpendicular to the chain line

• Measure AC and BC
Method (c)

C
B
Ѳ

D
C

A B

D
• Select two points C and D to both sides of A and in the same
line
• Measure AC, AD, BC, and BD
• From
  ΔBCD,

– ………………………………i
• From ΔBCA,

– ………………………….......ii
• Equate i and ii to solve for AB
Method (d)

-
=
A
E

=
-
C

D
A B

= =
E

= =
D C

• Select any point E and range C in line with AE, making AE = EC

• Range D in line with BE and make BE = ED
• Measure CD
• Then AB = CD
Method (e)

C
90◦
B

A
 90◦
•  

By optical square or cross staff, find a point C

which subtends 90◦ with A and B
• Measure AC and BC
Method (f)

 𝐵𝐸
 𝐴 𝐸 E 𝑛
𝑛 D

C
B

AB = n*CD
A
 E

C D

A B

• Select any suitable point E and measure AE and BE

• Mark C and D on AE and BE such that CE = AE/n and DE =
BE/n
• Measure CD
• AB = n*CD
OBSTACLES TO CHAINING BUT NOT
RANGING
• Case 2: When it is not possible to chain round
the obstacle, eg. a river
Method (a)
B

A
D

C
F E
•• Select
  point B on one side and A and C on the other side
• Erect AD and CE as perpendiculars to AB and range B, D,
and E in one line
• Measure AC, AD and CE
• If a line DF is drawn parallel to AB cutting CE in F
perpendicularly, then ABD and FDE will be similar
Method (b)
B

=
A
D C

=
E
• Erect a perpendicular AC and bisect it at D.
• Erect perpendicular CE at C and range E in line
with BD.
• Measure CE
• Then AB = CE
Method (c)
B

A
C
D
• Erect
  a perpendicular AC at A
• Choose any convenient point C
• With the help of an optical square, fix a point D on
the chain line in such a way that BCD is a right
angle
• Measure AC and AD
• Triangles ABC and DAC are similar
Method (d)
B

C
D A

E
• Fix point C in such a way that it subtends 90◦
with AB.
• Range D in line wit AC and make AD = AC.
• At D, erect a perpendicular DE to cut the line in
E.
• Then AB = AE
 OBSTACLES TO BOTH CHAINING
AND RANGING
• The problem lies in prolonging the line beyond the
obstacle and determining the distance across it
• A building is a typical example
 Method (a)
C
D

A E
B F

G
H
• Choose two points A and B to one side
• Erect Perpendiculars AC and BD of equal length
• Join CD and prolong it past the obstacle
• Choose two points E and F on CD
• Erect perpendiculars EG and FH equal to that of
AC
• Join GH and prolong it
• Measure DE
• DE = BG
• Method (b)
• Select a point A and erect perpendicular AC of any
convenient length
• Select another point B on the chain line such that AB = AC
• Join B and C and prolong it to any convenient point D
• At D set a right angle DE such that DE = DB
• Choose another point F on DE such that DF = DC
• With E as centre draw another arc of the same radius to
cut the previous arc in G
• Join GE which will be in range with the chain line
• Measure CF
• Then AG = CF
• Method (c)
• Select two points A and B on the chain line and construct
an equilateral triangle ABE by swinging arcs
• Join AE and produce it to any point F
• On AF, choose any point H and construct an equilateral
triangle FHK
• Join F and K and produce it to D such that FD = FA
• Choose a point G on FD and construct an equilateral
triangle CDG
• The direction CD is in range with the chain line
• Then BC = AD-AB-CD = AF-AB-CD
• Method (d)
• Select two points A and B on the chain line and set a line
CBD at any angle
• Join A and C and produce it to F such that AF = n*AC
• Similarly join A and D and produce it to G such that AG =
n*AD
• Join F and G and mark point E on it such that FE = n.BC
• Similarly produce AF and AG to H and K respectively such
that AH = n’*AC and AK = n’*AD.
• Join H and K and mark J on it in such a way that HJ =
n’CB
• Join EJ which will be in range with chain line
• Then BE = AE-AB; But AE = n.AB
• BE = n.AB – AB = (n-1)AB