ICT

Lecture 02

Farkhunda Dorin
Sr. Management Counsellor
Bangladesh Institute of Management
dorin.bim@gmail.com
01711907418
TYPES OF COMPUTER
 Based on Capacity

 Micro computer
 Most commonly used computers
 Desktop, laptop, smart phones etc.
TYPES OF COMPUTER

 Mini computer
 More powerful than micro computers
 Multi processing system
 May contain one or more processors,
support multiprocessing and tasking
 Use as small and mid range servers.
TYPES OF COMPUTER
Mainframe computer
 Powerful than minicomputer
 Used primarily by corporate and governmental organizations
for critical applications
 Bulk data processing such as census, industry and consumer
statistics, enterprise resource planning and transaction
processing
TYPES OF COMPUTER

 Super Computer
 The fastest type of computer.
 Very expensive

 Employed for specialized applications that require

immense amounts of mathematical calculations.

 For example, weather forecasting, nuclear energy

research, and petroleum exploration.

ORGANIZATION OF A COMPUTER.
 Input
 Each sensor transmits its information in the form of voltage signals.
 Processing
 Input voltage signals received by a computer are processed through a series of electronic
logic circuits maintained in its programmed instructions.
 Storage
 Computers have two types of memory:
 permanent
 Temporary.

Permanent memory is called read-only memory (ROM) because the computer can only read the
contents. This data is retained even when power to the computer is shut off.
 Output
 After the computer has processed the input signals, it sends voltage signals or
commands to other devices in the system to output the result.
 Control
 how instructions are executed and the above operations are performed
FUNCTIONAL UNITS OF A COMPUTER.

 1) arithmetic logical unit

 actual processing of the data and instruction are performed by Arithmetic Logical
Unit
 major operations performed by the ALU are addition, subtraction, multiplication,
division, logic and comparison.

 2) control unit
 acts like the supervisor seeing that things are done in proper fashion
determines the sequence in which computer programs and instructions are executed

 3) central processing unit.

 ALU and the CU of a computer system are jointly known as the central processing
unit

just like brain that takes all major decisions, makes all sorts of calculations and
directs different parts of the computer functions by activating and controlling the
operations
DIFFERENT LAYERS OF COMPUTER

 Hardware
 System Software

 Application Software

 User
DIFFERENT LAYERS OF COMPUTER

 Hardware
 Any physical device
 Keyboard, mouse, motherboard etc
 Can be categorized as
 Input Device - keyboard, mouse, touch pad
 Output Device – monitor, printer, touch screen

 Storage Device – CD, DVD, Hard disk

 Processing Device – CPU, Motherboard

DIFFERENT LAYERS OF COMPUTER
 System Software
 OS, Device Drivers

 Application Software
 Ms Office , media player, browser

 User
 End user, programmer
LAYERS OF COMPUTER
Input devices
 An input device is any hardware device that sends data
to the computer
 not allow users to interact with it.
 Keyboard
 Mouse
 Tracker ball
 Microphone
 Touch screen
 Scanner
 Touch pad
LAYERS OF COMPUTER

Output devices
 Get information out of the computer, delivering data that
has been processed by the computer to you, the user.
 Monitor
 Printer
 Plotter
 Speaker
 Headphone
 CD,DVD (both input and output)
 Modem (both input and output)
LAYERS OF COMPUTER

Software
 Set of instruction that tells computer what to do and how
to do that.
 Divided into two basic types.
 System software:
 Base program on a computer is considered system software. 
 It tells the computer how to work or operate. 

 Like Operating System, Device driver etc. OS allows you to load

other programs that do specialized tasks on to your computer.

Examples: Windows, DOS, Linux, Unix etc.
LAYERS OF COMPUTER

Software
 Application software
 Allows you to accomplish one or more specific (non-
computer related) tasks.
 Such as computer games for entertainment or Microsoft Word
for typing. Examples: MS Word, MS Excel, MS PowerPoint,
Adobe Photoshop, QuarkXPress, 3D Max, AutoCAD etc.
COMPUTER MEMORY

 Memory refers to the physical devices used to store

programs or data.
 Can store on a temporary or permanent basis for use in a
computer or other digital electronic device.

Primary memory
 Primary memory, often called main memory, constitutes
that device, or group of devices, that holds instructions
and data for rapid and direct access by the computer's
central processing unit (CPU).
 RAM, ROM
COMPUTER MEMORY

 Secondary memory (storage)

 Secondary memory, also called auxiliary memory or
mass storage, consists of devices not directly accessible
by the CPU.
 Hard disk

 CD

 DVD

 Pen Drive

 Floppy disk

 Magnetic tape
COMPUTER MEMORY

Random Access Memory (RAM)

 RAM is the main 'working' memory used by the
computer. When the operating system loads from disk
when you first switch on the computer, it is copied into
RAM.
 As a rough rule, a Microsoft Windows based computer
will operate faster if you install more RAM.
 Data and programs stored in RAM are volatile (i.e. the
information is lost when you switch off the computer)
COMPUTER MEMORY

 Read Only Memory (ROM)

 Read Only Memory (ROM) as the name suggests is a
special type of memory chip that holds software that can
be read but not written to.
 Example : ROM-BIOS chip, which contains read-only
software. Often network cards and video cards also
contain ROM chips.
COMPUTER SPECIFICATION

 Vostro 3650 Mini Tower

 Intel Core-i3, 3.7GHz

 4GB Ram,500GB HDD,DVD-RW

 Monitor 18.5" (Free DOS)

COMPUTER SPECIFICATION
 What Is a CPU?

 The CPU is the Central Processing Unit of your

computer.
 Made of chips, the central brain, the hardware that does
the computing called for by the software, or computer
programs.
 CPUs come in different speeds and with different
“cores” – both of which determine how fast your
computer computes
 Variety of brands are available.
COMPUTER SPECIFICATION
 CPU speeds 

 Processors have speeds, or clock rates, which are measured in

Gigahertz (GHz).

 In the past, looking at GHz was the best way to know how
fast a processor was; however now many other factors
determine speed, like the number of cores.
COMPUTER SPECIFICATION
 CPU Cores 

 CPUs had just one core in earlier. Now the better ones have
more than one processor with multiple cores in each.

 With more than one core, the processor can work on more
than one problem at a time so if, like you’re surfing the web,
posting on Facebook, answering emails and doing your taxes
all at the same time, core 1 can be on Facebook, while core 2
is on Gmail and cores 3 and 4 can work on the spreadsheet
for your taxes. All this happens seamlessly in the background
while you are doing other stuff!
 BIOS
 Basic Input Output System

 POST- Power On Self Test

 BOOT– Workable State