WASTE IMMOBILIZATION BY

VITRIFICATION

Guided by: Presented by:

SAFNA K S
Mr.JAWAHAR SAUD.S Roll No:42
Assistant Professor (CE)

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 INTRODUCTION

INDUSTRIAL WASTES

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WHAT IS WASTE IMMOBILIZATION?

Technique used to prevent the free

movement of contaminants in waste

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• Temporary containment
technique

types:
• Solidification/ stabilization
• Permanent Vitrification

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VITRIFICATION

 Transformation of substance into a glass

 Achieved by heating waste materials to high

temperature and rapid cooling.

 Resulting product: solidified mass of waste

glass.
 Incorporation of contaminates: attained by

chemical bonding or through encapsulation.

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VITRIFICATION(CONT..)
 On treatment process, glass forming
additives are added.
 VWP:chemically inert and has low leaching
characteristics.
Contamin
ated soil
Heat
to Refreeze
melt
Glass
additive Vitrified glass
s product
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 APPLICABILITY
• Types of Soil: All types
• However, not recommended to:
High moisture content
High void ratio

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 APPLICABILITY

Types of Contaminant: All Types

• Recommended:
 Radioactive waste
 Heavy metal
 Organic contaminant
 Poisonous chemicals

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TYPES OF VITRIFICATION

In-situ vitrification
Ex-situ vitrification

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IN-SITU VITRIFICATION
 Uses array of electrodes to heat soil to -1600
and 2000 degree Celsius.
 Fluxing materials -contains monovalent alkali

cations-added to soil
 Resistance of dry soil - overcome by applying

high voltage say 1000 volts.

 Soil gets heated -melted which is then rapidly

cooled to immobilize contaminants into glass

product.

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ISV PROCESS

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 IN-SITU VITRIFICATION(ISV)
(cont...)
• Leave the product
in place after
treatment.
• Off gas treatment:
Treat the gas
generated.

In-situ Vitrification
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 EX-SITU
EX-SITUVITRIFICATION
VITRIFICATION

Similar theory and process to ISV, but:

 Excavate and transport contaminants
 Vitrify contaminants in special
reactors
 Some use fossil fuels as energy
source

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VORTEX VITRIFICATION SYSTEM
-Example for Ex-situ vitrification

vortex vitrification system

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EX-SITU VITRIFICATION(cont..)
 Contaminated soil and glass additives -
heated in counter rotating vortex combustion
unit.

 Melting -completed in cyclone melter and -

allowed to cool.

 Exhaust gases - treated before releasing into

atmosphere.

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CASE STUDY IN HANFORD VIT
PLANT
 Treating Radioactive waste
 Waste -blend with glass forming additive and
heated to 1100 degree Celsius.
 Waste delivered from underground storage tanks to
VIT plant using pipe lines
 Waste enters pre-treatment plant and removes
water.
 Solids are filtered out-ultra filtration technology
and ion exchange process
 removes remaining soluble, highly radio-active
material.

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 Melt is
poured into
canister

 Canister
transported
to site and
dumbed.

Flow chart of vitrification process

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 ADVANTAGES

Stability and durability

Cost effectiveness

Volume reduction

All types of soil

All types of contaminants

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ADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES
STABILITY AND DURABILITY
 Test conducted in pacific northwest

laboratory.
 Can lock dangerous contaminants for

thousands of years.
 Low leaching characteristics compared to

untreated waste.
VOLUME REDUCTION
 Bond wide variety of toxic species into glass

matrix

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ADVANTAGES(cont..)
 25 to 50% for most natural soils, with maximum
96% for incinerator ashes wastes.
COST EFFECTIVENESS
 Major Difficult sites with mixed contaminants

 Initially slightly higher than other waste disposal

technologies eg:Vit plant in Hanford

 Initial High expenses :offset by the savings from

storage costs resulting from long term durability
and volume reduction.

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 LIMITATIONS
LIMITATIONS
• Soil water content and water recharge can
limit ISV applicability.
• Sufficient (2 to 5%) mono-valent alkali cations
must be present to provide the degree of
electrical conductivity.
• To support high temperature melt-glass
forming additives (silicon and aluminum
oxides) must be present.

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LIMITATIONS (cont..)
• Not proven to be safe for sites with
flammable liquid or combustible materials.
• Not applicable to sites where contaminated
soil exists near to the building.
• Limited processing depth: treatment depths
attained is 20 feet.

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 CONCLUSIONS
• Waste immobilization techniques: prevent free
movement of contaminants.
• The immobilization techniques : temporary
containment, solidification/stabilization and
vitrification.
• In vitrification hazardous waste – converted to glass-
like product.
• Vitrification can be effectively used : highly radio active
waste.
• Environment Protection Agency has declared-
vitrification -“best demonstrated available technology”
for heavy metals and high level radio active wastes.

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REFERENCES
Jay N Meegoda, A S Ezeldin, Hsai Yang Fang, Hilary I Inyang, (2003) “Waste


Immobilization Techniques”, Practice Periodical of Hazardous, Toxic & Radioactive

Management, vol 46, No:1, January 2003, pp. 46-58

2.I.Asobolev ,S.A Dmitirv,F.A Lifanov, A.P. KOBELEV,S.V Stefanovsky “Vitrification

Process For Low, Intermediate Radioactive And Mixed Waste”, Glass Technology ,
2005,vol 46(1),28-35.

3. K.Moustakas, D.Fatta, S.Malamis, K.Haralambous, M.Loizidou “Demonstration

Plasma Gasification/Vitrification System for Effective Hazardous Waste Treatment”,
Journal of Hazardous Materials B123 (2005), 120-126.

4.G.Roth, S.Weisenburger, “Vitrification of high level liquid waste: glass chemistry,

process chemistry and process technology”, Nuclear Energy and Design 202(2000),
197-207.

5.C.P.Kaushik,”Indian Program For Vitrification Of High Level Radioactive Liquid

Waste”, procedia Material Science7 (2014).

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Thank You

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