Universal Human Values & Professional Ethics

MODULE 1 – INTRODUCTION
NEED, BASIC GUIDELINES, CONTENT AND PROCESS FOR VALUE EDUCATION

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 Overview: Human Values

Value system in Architecture

Being in Technical &
Professional Education why do
we need Human Values to
understand?

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 Plumbing Fixtures
(Pipe Appertunances)
The various devices fixed along the water distribution system are known
as appurtenances. To isolate & drain the pipe line sections for tests,
inspections, cleaning & repairs.
 To control the rate of flow of
water.
 To release or admit air into
pipeline according to the
situation.
 To prevent or detect
leakages.
 To meet the demand during
emergency and
 Ultimately to improve the
efficiency of the distribution.

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 Plumbing Fixtures
(Pipe Appertunances)
The various devices fixed along the water distribution system are known
as appurtenances. To isolate & drain the pipe line sections for tests,
inspections, cleaning & repairs.
 To control the rate of flow of water.
 To release or admit air into pipeline according to the situation.
 To prevent or detect leakages.
 To meet the demand during emergency and
 Ultimately to improve the efficiency of the distribution.
 Examples:
a)Gates
b)Valves
c)Manholes
d)Insulation joints
e)Expansion joints
f) Anchorage etc.
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 Plumbing Fixtures
(Pipe Appurtenances – Valves )
A valve is a device that regulates, directs or controls the flow of fluids by
opening, closing, or partially obstructing passageways.
 They are used to control the flow of water along a pipeline.
 Valves make it possible to isolate any sections of a pipeline for the
purposes of inspection, repair of a leak or addition/alteration to
already functioning water supply system.
 Made up of cast iron with brass, bronze or stainless steel mountings.
a) Sluice Valves or Gate Valves
b) Air Valves
c) Reflux Valves
d) Relief Valves
e) Altitude Valves
f) Scour Valves
g) Fire Hydrant
h) Float Valve
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 Plumbing Fixtures
(Pipe Appurtenances) – Gate / Sluice Valve
These are also known as shut-off or stop valves. These valve control
the flow of water through pipes. These valves are cheaper, offers less
resistance to the flow of water than other valves.
 They are extensively used in the distribution system to shut off the
supply where desired.
 They are used to divide the water mains into suitable sections, of
between 150 to 300m.
 They are provided in straight pipeline at 150-200m intervals.
 They can also be used at the street corners or where two pipelines
intersect.
 When two pipes lines interest, valves are fixed in both sides of
intersection.
 They have the advantage over most other types of valves in that they
are relatively less expensive, and they offer almost no resistance to
the flow, when the valve is wide open.
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 Plumbing Fixtures
(Pipe Appertunances)

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 Plumbing Fixtures
(Pipe Appurtenances) – Air Valve
The water flowing through the pipe lines always contain some air. When
this air accumulates at high points, it may interfere with the flow. Air
relive valves are generally provided at the summits along the water
pipe, to provide an exit for the accumulated air.
 These are also required to discharge air when a main is being filled
and to admit air when it is being emptied, the latter especially
important in large steel mains which may flatten if the pressure falls
below that of the atmosphere.
 So, these are automatic valves and are of two types namely
a) Air inlet valves:- These valves open automatically and allow air
to enter into the pipeline so that the development of negative
pressure can be avoided due to the vacuum pressure created in
the down streamside in pipelines with the sudden closure of
sluice valves.
b) Air relief valves:- Some times air is accumulated at the summit
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 Plumbing Fixtures
(Pipe Appurtenances) – Air Valve
of pipelines and blocks the flow of water
due to air lock. In such cases the
accumulated air automatically been
removed from the pipe lines by means of
air relief valves.
 This valve consists of a chamber in
which one or two floats are placed and is
connected to the pipe line.
 When there is flow under pressure in the
pipeline water occupies the float
chamber and makes the float to close
the outlet.
 But where there is accumulation of air in
the pipeline, air enters the chamber,
makes the float to come down, thus
opening the outlet.
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 Plumbing Fixtures
(Pipe Appurtenances) – Reflux Valve
These are also known as check valves or non-return valves. They are
placed in water pipes which receive water directly from the pump.
 The swing type of reflux valve as shown in fig is
widely used in practice.
 When the water moves in the direction of arrow,
the valve swings or rotates around the pivot
and it is kept in open position due to the
pressure of water.
 When the flow of water in this direction ceases,
the water tries to flow in a backward direction.
 But this valve prevents passage of water in the
reverse direction.
 When pump fails or stops, the water will not run
back to the pump and thus pumping
equipments will be saved from damage.
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 Plumbing Fixtures
(Pipe Appurtenances) – Relief Valve
These are also known as automatic cut-off valves or safety valves. They
are placed at points where pressure is likely to be maximum.
 When the line
pressure increases
above the pre-set
value, the valve
operates
automatically, and the
pressure is reduced.
 To reduce water
hammer pressure.
 Adjusted to open and
close automatically
with pressure in the
pipe.
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 Plumbing Fixtures
(Pipe Appurtenances) – Altitude Valve
These are mainly used in lines which supply water to elevated tanks.
They close automatically when the tank is full and open when the
pressure on the pump side is less than that on the tank side of the
valve.

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 Plumbing Fixtures
(Pipe Appurtenances) – Scour Valve
These are also known as blow-off or wash out valves. They are ordinary
sluice valves that are located either at dead ends or at the lowest points
in the mains. .
 They blow off or remove sand and silt
deposits in the pipe.
 They are also provided to remove the entire
water from within pipe for inspection, repairs,
etc.
 When opened, water comes out of these
valves quickly under gravity and discharged
into some natural drainage channel or sump
in which it can be pumped out.
 There should be no direct connection
between the valve and the sewer or drain, to
avoid the possibility of pollution.
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 Plumbing Fixtures
(Pipe Appurtenances) – Float Valve
It is used to supply water to a storage tank or flushing cistern. This valve
automatically shuts-off the supply when the predetermined level is
reached.
 When the water level is below the
required level, the float is also at the lower
level. Hence the water starts flowing from
the valve to the tank.
 Float rises with the rising water, thus,
closing the valve. This shuts-off the water-
supply when the required level is reached.
 Used to maintain a constant level in a
service reservoir or elevated tank or stand
pipe.
 Equilibrium type of valve – most effective.

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 Plumbing Fixtures
(Pipe Appurtenances) – Fire Hydrant
The main purpose of using fire hydrant system is to give best possible
source of water to each corner of the building. ... It helps in protecting
the building by simply making control on fire during an emergency.
 Hydrants provide access to groundwater mains
for the purpose of extinguishing fires, washing
down streets, and flushing out water mains.
 The typical parts of a hydrant are the cast iron
barrel and the shutoff valve. The cast iron barrel
is fitted with an outlet on top and the shut-off
valve at the base is operated by a long valve
stem that terminates above the barrel.
 A typical unit has two 21/2 inch diameter hose
nozzles and one 41/2 inch pumper outlet for a
suction line. Hydrants are installed along streets
behind the curb line.
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 Plumbing Fixtures
(Pipe Appurtenances) – Taps
Tap is nothing but a valve used to control the movement of fluids.
 Taps, Bib-cocks, mixers are variations of valves
used for controlling fluid movement indoors.
These are regularly found in kitchens,
bathrooms, toilets, etc.
 The bib-cocks may also be of push type and
they operate automatic.
 The bib-cocks should be water tight.
 The leaky bib cocks are the source of waste of
water. Fig shows typical bib-cock and table
gives the idea of water lost due to leaky bib-
cocks in continuous system of water supply.
 Therefore it is advisable to repair or replace
such leaky bib cocks as early as possible

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 Plumbing Fixtures
(Water Mains to House Connection
Water mains can be divided into three categories:
 Trunk mains: these carry water from a source of supply (reservoir,
pumping station etc.) to a district without supplying consumers en route.
Also, known as a water supply pipe vests in the administrative authority
for the use of public or community.
 Secondary mains: the distribution mains, fed from a trunk main and
supplying the consumers’ connections in the district. Also, known as
communication pipe taking off from the ferrule for the house connection.
It is owned and managed by the water supply authority. Communication
pipe terminates at the boundary of the consumers premises.
 Service pipes: the branch supplies from the secondary mains that serve
individual premises.

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 Plumbing Fixtures
(Service Connections)
It is a water connection given by the local body (municipal corporation
or municipality etc.) from city water distribution mains to a consumer.
 It is the part of the house
connection beyond the
stop cock. It is owned and
maintained by the
consumer . No pumps shall
be installed on this pipe.
 The vertical supply pipe
which extends upward
from one floor to the next is
called a riser and the
horizontal pipes that
serves the faucets or
fixtures are called
BRANCHES.
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 Plumbing Fixtures
(Service Connections - Ferrule)
It is gunmetal or bronze screwed into the hole drilled in CI pipe mains.
Communication pipe takes off from the ferrule.
 Made up of brass and bronze.
 It has a vertical inlet for screwing on to the
water main.
 Horizontal outlet to be connected to service
pipe.
 The water main which is usually under
pressure is drilled and tapped.
 The normal size of the ferrule to be used is
usually half the size of the service pipe.
 The pressure in the domestic supply and
equal distribution among the house
connection are effected by adjusting the
ferrule opening.
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 Plumbing Fixtures
(Service Connections – Gosse Neck)
It is provided to accommodate the possible movement, displacement or
settlement that may take place between the water main and the service
pipe due to water pressure and prevent damage to the connection.

 It is the short bent pipe and allow for small

changes in length due to expansion and
movement of pipes due to soil settlements.
 One end is 0.30 and the other end is 0.90
long this prevent the pipe from ·snapping
when the soil settles.
 This is 40 to 50 cm long flexible curved
pipe made up of brass, copper or lead
inserted between the ferrule and the
service pipe.

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 Plumbing Fixtures
(Service Connections – Stop Cock)
It is a valve fitted at the end of communication pipe and it is under the
control of water supply authority
 It is provided before water meter in a
chamber with a cover to cut off the supply of
water from the street main to the building for
repairs to the plumbing system within the
building.
 Placed in a service pipe close to its
connection with a water main.
 The purpose of stop cock is to stop the
supply of water.
 Temporary disconnections are made at the
stopcock while permanent disconnections
are made at ferrule. The stop cock is as
shown in figure.
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 Plumbing Fixtures
(Service Connections – Stop Cock)
 Residual pressure: It is generally measured at the ferrule and should be
about 7m head of water.
 Water meter: It is installed to measure the flow. Water meter is installed
for the purpose of measuring the quantity of water used by the consumer.
 Generally 12.5 mm to
18.75mm rotary water
meters are installed
either at the beginning
or at the middle of the
service pipe.
 A masonry pit is
constructed around it. It
has facility of sealing by
the water supply
authority

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 Plumbing Fixtures

Pipe Sizes
 Main Distribution = 300mm
 Sub-Distribution Main =200mm
 Distribution line =100mm
 Design life 40-50 years (actual 50-100)
 Large mains = 12”
 Sub-mains = 6” or 8”

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 Water Distribution
(Municipal to Individual)

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 Water Distribution
(Municipal to Individual)

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 Credits and References

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