LETʹS KNOW ABOUT THE

Superalloys

 Shivraj Singh Kasana¹ʼ² , O.P.Pandey¹*

 
 1School of Physics and Materials Science, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala 147004, Punjab, India.
 
 2Star Wire (India) Ltd. Ballabgarh, Haryana 121004, India
 *Corresponding author.
 Dr. O.P. Pandey
 SeniorProfessor, School of Physics and Materials Science, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala
147004, Punjab, India.
 Email-id oppandey@thapar.eduoppandeytu@gmail.com
 SUBJECT INDEX
 Introduction
 Important metal characteristics
 Phases & structures of superalloys
 Nickel base superalloys in periodic table
 Role of alloying elements in superalloys
 Types of superalloys and compositions
 Process of manufacturing superalloys
 High temperature properties of superalloy
 Applications of superalloys
 Introduction
 Superalloys are nickel , iron and cobalt base alloys typically
used at temperatures above 540⁰ C
 They have a face - centered cubic (fcc , austenitic) structure
 Iron , cobalt and nickel are transition metals with consecutive
positions in the periodic table of elements
 Iron based superalloys are an extension of stainless steel
technology
 Melting range of superalloys are functions of compositions
and prior processing
 Iron and cobalt both undergo allotropic transformations and
fcc at high temperature while , nickel is fcc at all temperatures
Important Metal Characteristics

 Density of pure iron is 7.87 g/cm³ and pure nickel and cobalt
have 8.9 g/cm³ approximately
 Density of iron based Superalloys (7.9-8.3) , nickel based (7.8-
8.9) and cobalt based (8.3-9.4)g/cm³
 Melting temperatures of pure elements : Ni-1453 , Co-1495 and
Fe-1537⁰ C
 The Superalloys are relatively ductile however the ductility of
cobalt-based Superalloys is less than iron based and nickel
based
 Superalloys are readily available in extruded , forged or rolled
forms
Phases and Structures of Superalloys
 Super alloy consists of austenitic fcc materics phase ỿ + a variety
of secondary phases
 Important secondary phases in Superalloys are: the carbides MC
, M23C6 , M7C3 in all Superalloys
 The ỿʹ fcc ordered Ni3(Al, Ti) , ỿˮ BCT ordered Ni3Nb , ɳ
hexagonal ordered Ni3 Ti , and Ᵹ orthorhombic Ni3Nb
intermetallic compounds in iron base and nickel base
superalloys
 Superalloys gain strength from solid-solution hardeners and
precipitated phases
 Main strengthening precipitates are ỿʹ and ỿˮ
Phase diagrams and structures
contd…………………….
Microstructures…….
Contd…..
Contd…….
Contd……
Contd……
Carbide Precipitation in Superalloys
Carbide Precipitation Contd…….
Contd…..
Carbide Precipitation Contd…..
Contd…. …
Contd… …
Continued

 Carbides provide limited strengthening by dispersion in matrix and

grain boundary stabilization
 Ᵹ and ɳ phases help in improvement in processing
 Common alloying addition, Periodic table intimacy and role of
alloying elements are given in next slides in respective order
Ranges of major alloying in Superalloys
Schematic of Periodic Table
Role of Alloying Elements in Superalloys
Superalloys Types

Three main systems are;

1. IRON BASE SUPERALLOYS
2. NICKEL BASE SUPERALLOYS
3. COBALT BASE SUPERALLOYS
Nominal Composition of wrought Superalloys
Contd…..
PROCESSING OF SUPERALLOYS
 Some of superalloys particularly cobalt and iron base are air
melted as stainless steels
 However most Ni and Fe base superalloys , vacuum induction
melting (VIM) is primary melting process
 Primary vacuum cast ingots/electrodes are remelted in VAR ,ESR
or both
 Vacuum induction melting consists of melting required
components of an alloy under high vacuum and casting
ingot/electrode
 Use of VIM reduces interstitial gases O,N,H to low levels ,
enables higher and reproducible levels of Al and Ti , together
with other reactive elements
 VIM melting needs no slag is another plus
Processing contd…..
 Three type of secondary melting process are in use ;
 VAR, ESR and ESR-VAR. Schematic VAR-ESR is shown below;
 Deformation Processing of Superalloys
 The cast structure of superalloy ingots/electrodes consists of primary dendrites
which are solute lean and interdenderitic regions which are solute rich
 For alloys with sufficient Al, Ti and Nb homogenizing of 48 hrs or more at
temperature below incipient melting is given before deformation by
forging/rolling
 TTT diagram of IN-718 is shown below;
Forgeability ratings of Superalloys
Heat treatment Parameters for Superalloys
High Temperature Mechanical Properties of Superalloys
1000 hrs Creep rupture Strength of Superalloys
Applications of Superalloys
Applications
Gratitude's ……

THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION IN THIS EXCITING

HORIZON OF SUPER METALS