CE 601 (211)

LECTURE 17
GROUTS
Introduction
• Grouting materials are some of the most complex systems that the
engineer will encounter as it is necessary to control not only the fluid
properties but also the set properties and to place the material into a
void which may be of complex shape or into ground which may be
heterogeneous. The void will be out of sight so that the operator who
must rely on her/his experience to design and operate the grouting
system and to assess what is actually being created.
Introduction (contd.)
• The use of grouting materials requires an understanding of:
• the intrinsic properties of the grout materials and health and safety
requirements
• the preparation procedures that will be used on site
• the fluid properties of the grout
• the nature of the void/void system to be grouted
• the behaviour of the grout during and after injection into the voids
• the quality control methods to be used on site
• the properties of the hardened material
• Test methods
• Durability
Health and safety
• The grout system must have appropriate physical and chemical
properties so that the health and safety of the grouting personnel is
not put at risk either in the short term from acute effects or in the
long term from chronic effects of exposure.
• Similarly, the grout and any material released from it prior to, during
set or wash down of the grouting plant, or in service must not be
damaging to the wider population or the environment.
Voids to be grouted
• Very many different forms of void may require grouting and the void
seldom will be a simple regular shape. For example in duct grouting in
post-tensioned concrete the grout may have to penetrate the
interstices of a tendon bundle and also fill the annular space between
the tendons and the wall of the duct. The tendon bundle will not be
central within the duct and its eccentricity will vary along the length
of the duct which itself may be horizontal, vertical, inclined or
undulating. If full grouting is to be achieved careful attention must be
paid to the flow behaviour within the duct/void and the positioning of
injection points and vents.
Voids
• Thus in general the grout flow path or elements of it will be tortuous
and three dimensional. The driving force causing the flow also must
be considered. Normally grouts will be injected into a void under
pressure. However, once in the void the grout flow will be influenced
by gravity as well as the injection pressure and the effects of gravity
(particularly gravity driven flow) will continue after injection has
ceased. Failure to appreciate the effects of gravity has led to poor
filling of pre-stressing ducts and failures in geotechnical and other
grouting applications.
7
8
Post-tensioning ducts Anchoring bolts

9
Strengthening historical masonry
buildings. Soil densification

10
 Grouting standards
• Many countries have national standards for grouting work and there are also European
standards, for example there are three standards relating to various aspects of the
grouting of ducts in post-tensioned concrete. However, these are mostly standards for
the control, testing and use of grouts. Rather less information is available on the actual
behaviour of grouts and the theory which underpins their design. Indeed it could be
said that the best way to design a grout is to borrow a recipe from a previous
successful job.
• Successful mixes are re-used and the recipes are adjusted to specific site conditions
until problems occur and then designs are re-trenched. The grout designer like any
artist has a palette of materials - Portland cement, pulverized-fuel ash (PFA), ground
granulated blast furnace slag (microsilica and metakaolin are seldom used) sodium
silicate and other chemical grouts, sand, aggregate and of course different mixer
systems - though the key importance of the mixer is seldom recognized.
• Grouting practice is therefore a blend of materials science, engineering and
experience.
Composition of grout
• Binding material
• Cementititous
• Chemical (Polymer, epoxy, etc.)
• Water or a reactant (Hardner, etc.)
• Filler
• Additive
 Uses of Cement Grouts

• Cementitious grouts may be used for a very wide range of applications including:
• Structural applications, such as grouting of tendons in pre-stressed concrete
• Grouted connections and grouted repairs for off-shore structures
• Geotechnical grouting for groundwater control and for soil strengthening
• Compensation grouting and slab jacking for the control of settlement
• Contact grouting behind tunnel linings during tunnel construction to fill the
remaining gaps.
Uses of Cement Grouts (Contd.)
• Voids and to improve the stress distribution on the lining and limit surface
settlements
• Grouting of conductor pipes in oil and gas wells to prevent loss of
hydrocarbon product
• Slurry trench cut-off walls for the containment of contaminants in the ground
• Control of landfill gas migration
• Encapsulation/fixation of radioactive and toxic wastes and many other
aspects of pollution control.
Cementitious grout materials
• The materials used in cementitious grouts may include:
• Portland cements
• Calcium aluminate cements
• Pulverized-fuel ash
• Ground granulated blast furnace slag
• Fillers, such as sand or limestone flour
• Admixtures including plasticizers, superplasticizers
• Pre-set and post-set expansive agents etc.
Requirements of cement grouting

• An essential feature of all grout systems is that they must be sufficiently fluid to
be injected into the void to be grouted and must set to a solid. To ensure
satisfactory performance requires a very full understanding of the properties of
the grout in the fluid state, during setting and in the hardened state.
• To begin to understand the behaviour of a cementitious grout system it is
necessary to consider the mix proportions and in particular the volume fraction
occupied by each of the mix components rather than just traditional weight
ratios, such as the water/cement ratio. As there is seldom any aggregate the W/C
ratio is the free W/C ratio but grouters keep it simple and just refer to the water-
cement ratio to add 'free' would confuse them.
Requirements of cement grouting
• In the past grouting was often undertaken with a normal Portland cement as it was
felt there was no necessity to have a special grouting cement. However, BS 197
allows a rather wide range of compositions and the focus for construction cements
is on strength - typically 28-day strength. There is no requirement to test for or
maintain particular flow (rheological) behaviour in a grout produced with the
cement. As a result Portland cements from different works and indeed different
batches from the same works may show quite different behaviour if used as
grouts, flow behaviour, bleeding, etc.
• The properties of the grout also may be affected by the age of the cement if it has
been subject to aeration (exposure to atmospheric humidity). For sensitive
operations, such as tendon grouting it can be preferable to use a Portland cement
system that has been specifically formulated and quality assured for duct grouting
Grout properties
• Typically the properties required of an ideal grout will include that it:
• is of low viscosity, so as to enable penetration of fine pores, fissures etc. (except for specialist grouts
such as compensation grouts which may be designed so as not to flow significantly from the point of
injection).
• • completely fills the void to be grouted. This may be more of an issue of grouting procedure than
grout materials but the grout may have to be tailored for the injection equipment, the pumping
distance and the volume of grout to be injected etc.
• • remains in the void after placement and is not washed out for example by ground water flow,
• • is not subject to segregation of the mix constituents, for example as a result of density
• differences causing settlement of solids, bleed and filtration during and after injection
• • sets and hardens rapidly at a predictable time after injection thus minimizing the
• delays in commissioning structures etc.
Hardened properties of cementitious
grouts
• In the hardened state the grout should:
• (a) Have the necessary physical properties, e.g. low permeability, high strength,
stiffness, etc. The development of these properties may take from hours to weeks
from the time of mixing depending on the grout formulation.
• (b) Have chemical and physical properties that are compatible with the void
system to be grouted (for example the chemistry of a soil) or have appropriate
chemistry to protect material within the grout, for example pre-stressing tendons.
• (c) Endure for the design life of the grouted structure without loss of
performance, reduction of solid volume, shrinkage or chemical reactions or
unacceptable expansion.
Chemical grout systems - materials
• The setting of grouts may be based on many different chemical
reactions involving materials, such as Portland cements, sodium
silicate, sodium aluminate, polyacrylamides, polyacrylates,
polyurethanes and a wide range of resins.
• Fundamentally, any system which is initially liquid and sets to a solid
could be employed as a grout. However, as grouts generally will be
used in large quantities the balance of cost and performance can be a
prime consideration (though too often just raw material cost is
considered and not performance).
 Requirements for grouts
•For any grout mix the grout designer must seek to ensure that:
•(a) The grout mix proportions are reasonable. For cement grouts it is well known that careful
selection of water/cement ratio is crucial for effective grouting. However, it seems less well
appreciated that other grout systems must be designed and that concentrations of hardeners
etc. cannot be varied at will. For example, in some recent research on silicate-ester grouts the
degree of neutralization of the sodium hydroxide in the sodium silicate appears not to have
been considered and some quite inappropriate formulations have been tested and not
surprisingly have been found to be of poor durability (note sodium silicate can be regarded as a
solution of silica in sodium hydroxide and the silica will precipitate if the sodium hydroxide is
neutralized).
Requirements for grouts
• (b) The chemistry of the grout is compatible with that of the void to be grouted
both for the fluid grout and the setting and hardened products. In normal soils
problems of chemical incompatibility are rather rare but may occur in saline soils
or other chemically active systems. Compatibility may be much more of an issue
in contaminated soils, which are becoming increasingly a focus of attention.
• (c) The durability of the grout is satisfactory. Many chemical grouts are used in
short-term or temporary works and long-term mechanical performance is not an
issue.
Requirements for grouts
• (d) The grout during preparation and injection does not pose health
and safety issues for the grouting personnel or any others who may
be affected by the works. The grout also must not pose unacceptable
risks to the environment and especially groundwater.
• (e) The conditions noted above must apply not only during injection
but also in service and to any degradation products from the grout or
reaction by-products from the hardening process etc.
Fluid properties
• Most chemical grouts will be placed by injection and thus viscosity
will be an important design parameter. The development of the grout
rheology with time also will be important- if large volumes are to be
placed and the injection process may take some time.
Setting time
• The grout should set at a defined time which should be adjustable by
changing the mix formulation or by the addition of an accelerating or
retarding admixture. Ideally at the set time the grout should rapidly
convert from a liquid to a hardened solid without loss of volume or if
required with a controlled increase in volume. However, for most
practical grouts there is a gradual transition from liquid to set material
to hardened solid and it is not possible to identify unique setting or
hardening times.
Drying shrinkage
• In addition to hydration shrinkage, chemical grouts will show shrinkage if subjected to
drying conditions. This may be rather unlikely to occur in the ground but can be an issue
for grouts at or near the soil surface and in laboratory tests samples. In general the
grout, as it dries, will shrink back towards the soil-grain contacts. There will be little
shrinkage of the soil skeleton as prior to grouting the grains will have been in contact and
so will have little potential for further tightening. Drying of the grout phase will lead to
an increase in the strength of the residual grout material and as this will be at the grain
contacts the effect of drying is likely to be an increase in strength of the grouted soil.
• Grouted soil samples therefore should be tested for strength when wet and should not
be allowed to dry before testing.
 Hardened properties
• For cementitious grouts also need to be considered for geotechnical grouts. Thus
the grout should:
• • have the necessary physical properties, e.g. permeability, strength, stiffness etc.
The development of these properties may take from hours to weeks from the
time of mixing depending on the chemistry of the grout system
• • have chemical and physical properties that are compatible with the void system
to be grouted (for example the chemistry of a soil) or have appropriate chemistry
to protect or encapsulate the material within the grout for example solidified
toxic waste
• • endure for the design life of the grouted system without loss of performance,
reduction of solid volume, shrinkage or chemical reactions or expansion.
Hardened concrete
• The relative importance of each of the above properties will depend on the
particular application and these are very diverse. The majority of applications of
chemical grouts will be in geotechnical grouting for strengthening and/or water
tightening soils.
• They also may be used as part of compensation grouting schemes (the injection
of grouts to compensate for ground movements/settlements, e.g. those caused
by tunnelling works). Chemical grouts can be used for water tightening masonry
and stone in buildings where there is no damp-proof membrane or the
membrane has failed. Solidification/stabilization with cement and chemical
grouts can be used to reduce the risks associated with toxic, hazardous and
radioactive wastes.
Strength
• The intrinsic strength of a set grout (i.e. the strength of the grout
alone without any soil) may range from a few kPa for silicate grouts to
over 100 MPa for some cement grouts.
• For low strength grouts the strength of grouted soil is usually higher
than that of the grout alone. Strength measurements for grouted soils
are time consuming as it will normally be necessary to prepare
samples by injection into specially prepared moulds.
• Simple mixing and compaction of grout and soil into moulds is seldom
entirely satisfactory.
Permeability
• Permeability will be important for two reasons:
• • the purpose of the grout may be to reduce the permeability of the grouted soils
or rock etc.
• • the flow of groundwater through a grout may leach materials from the grout
and slowly destroy it
• Pure clay-cement grouts may have a permeability of perhaps 10 -11 to 10 -7 rn/s
and pure cement grouts may achieve permeabilities below 10 -12 m/s. However,
grouted soils are likely to be much more permeable due to imperfections in the
grouting of the soil and it should not be assumed, unless justified by field tests,
that in-situ permeabilities less than about 10 -7 m/s can be achieved even if
laboratory tests on grouted soils show much lower values.
Durability
• The grout should be physically stable, i.e. there should be no
significant loss of volume, strength etc. during the service life.
• The grout also should be compatible with the chemical environment
of the void.
Microfine cement grouts
• Microfine cement grouts are a relatively recent addition to the range of grouting
materials.
• Microfine cement typically will have almost 100% of particles finer than about 15
microns.
• They may be produced as microfine powders by special milling processes during
manufacture or by wet milling cement/water mixes prior to use - the latter
process requiring specialist plant on site. Microfine cements are likely to be used
at water cement ratios of perhaps 1 to 2.
• The use of a retarding admixture may be essential. Microfine cement grouts will
have strengths comparable to those of the conventional cement grouts used in
geotechnical engineering but the injectability of chemical grouts.
Types of chemical grouts – Silicate ester
grouts
•Sodium silicate is effectively a solution of silica in sodium hydroxide. If the sodium hydroxide is
neutralized with an acidic material the silica will precipitate. The form of the precipitated silica is
influenced by the nature of the neutralizing material. Silica also may be precipitated by the
addition of strong electrolytes (e.g. concentrated solutions of calcium chloride).
•Indeed, the first chemical grouting process, the Joosten process developed in 1925, involved the
separate injection of sodium silicate and calcium chloride so that they mixed and gelled in the
ground. Separate injection is costly and may leave much silicate ungelled. Modem grouts are
therefore designed to have a delayed set so that only single injection points are necessary. For
example, ethyl and methyl esters of adipic, glutaric and succinic acids which are slowly hydrolyzed
by water to release acid and alcohol are convenient materials to slowly neutralize the sodium
hydroxide in sodium silicate and thus give a delayed set.
•Sodium silicate-ester grouts can give strengths from a few hundred kPa to a few MPa with set
times from about 10 minutes to 2 hours.
Silicate aluminate grouts
• Sodium silicate solution also may be set by the addition of small
amounts of sodium aluminate. However, only dilute solutions can be
used. If concentrated silicate is added to aluminate or vice versa there
is an immediate deposition of gel and the product is uninjectable.
However, if the silicate and aluminate are diluted and continuously
stirred while intermixed, a delayed set can be achieved with set times
controllable from a few minutes to perhaps 2 hours. However, the
gels are weak with strengths up to a few hundred kPa and are best
suited to water tightening rather than strengthening soils.
Acrylamide and Acrylate Grouts
• In the 1950s a grout based on a mixture of 95% acrylamide and 5%
methylene bisacrylamide was developed. This grout had a viscosity
comparable to that of water and an almost flat viscosity-time
characteristic up to the point of set. However, there were concerns
that unpolymerized acrylamides could be neurotoxic and their
manufacture was discontinued.
• Subsequently acrylate-based systems have been developed of lower
or minimal toxicity.
Polyurethanes
• Polyurethane-based grouts are a distinct class of grouts requiring
different injection procedures as they are water reactive rather than
water-based. The basic reaction involves a polyisocyanate and a
polyether or polyester etc. The grouts are relatively viscous and thus they
should have poor penetration. However, the reaction with water
produces carbon dioxide and pressures up to 400 psi have been reported
and this leads to substantial secondary penetration of the grout and it is
reported that the grouts can be used for soils down to silt size.
• Polyurethanes are flammable and this has reduced their application in
tunnelling and other sensitive environments.
Other grout systems
• Other grout systems include:
• Resins (epoxy, polyester, furaic and phenolic)
• Bitumen emulsions (stabilized suspension of colloidal sized droplets
of bitumen in water). Emulsions will have a lower viscosity than the
parent bitumen. The emulsion will break if the water is lost, e.g. to a
soil to leave the parent bitumen.
• Latex emulsions
• Lignin and lignin derivatives
Resin Injection
• Cracks in reinforced concrete greater than approximately 0.3
mm may require sealing/injecting to prevent ingress of
moisture, oxygen, salt solutions and corrosive chemicals, or to
protect the integrity of the structure.
• Low viscosity epoxy resin systems are generally used for the
structural repairs of cracks.
• Epoxy injection is an effective method for repairing cracks in
structural members, such as walls, piers, floors, ceilings, etc. The
process can restore the structure to its original monolithic
condition, and to a large measure, structural strength is
regained.

CSE 202.05 38
Repair of Cracks by Epoxy Injection
 Drilled Hole
Adhesive Packer
Injection

Surface Mounted Adhesive

Port Injection

Surface Seal to Contain Adhesive

CSE 202.05 40
 AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON
THE DEVELOPMENT OF HIGH
PERFORMANCE NON-SHRINKING
GROUTS
Introductio Methodolog Result Conclusions &
Literature Review Thesis Objective
n y s Recommendations

Need for the Research

• Imported from outside the Saudi Kingdom.

1 m3 of concrete = 250 to 350 SR.

1 m3 of commercial grout > 3,000 SR.

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Introductio Methodolog Result Conclusions &
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n y s Recommendations

Materials
Cement: Type I.

Silica Fume (SF): Local ready mix concrete company.

Limestone Powder (LSP): Sourced from a limestone rock quarry

in Abu Hadriyah, Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia.

Natural Pozzolan (NP): Volcanic rocks in Western Province of Saudi

Arabia.

Metakaolin (MK): Sourced from Qatif, Eastern Province of Saudi

Arabia.
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Introductio Methodolog Result Conclusions &
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Materials
Aggregates:
Sand: ASTM Sieve
# Size (mm) % Passing
4 4.75 mm 100
8 2.36 mm 100
16 1.18 mm 100
30 600 mm 76
50 300 mm 10
100 150 mm 4
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Introductio Methodolog Result Conclusions &
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Materials

Aggregate
Crushed limestone sourced from a local quarry.

ASTM Sieve # Size (mm) % Passing

4 4.75 100
8 2.36 0

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 Introductio Methodolog Result Conclusions &
Thesis Objective Literature Review
n y s Recommendations

Materials
Physical Properties:

Material Specific Gravity

Cement 3.15

Silica Fume 2.25

Limestone Powder 1.6

Natural pozzolan 3.0

Metakaolin 2.0

Sand 2.53

Crushed Aggregate 2.60

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 Introductio Methodolog Result Conclusions &
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Materials

Superplasticizer (SP):
Commercial plasticizer
• Form: Powder.
• Dosage: 0.2 to 1% of cement weight.

Expansive Agent:
Commercial product
• Powder admixture [Plasticizing agent + gas producing
expansion medium].
• Dosage: 0.9% by cement weight for w/c = 0.44 to 0.48.
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Introductio Methodolog Result Conclusions &
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Materials

Commercial Grouts:
• Grout A
• Grout B
Property Grout A Grout B
Density 2200 kg/m3 2080 kg/m3

Comp. Strength @ 28 days 65 MPa 65 MPa

Water/Powder Ratio 0.12-0.15 0.136-0.18

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 Introductio Methodolog Result Conclusions &
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n y s Recommendations

Mix Parameters for the Trial Mixes

w/p ratio 0.32 (Constant)

Expansion material/p 0%, 0.3%

Superplasticizer (SP) dosage Variable

Silica fume 5%, 10%, 15%

Limestone powder 10%, 20%, 30%

Natural pozzolan 20% , 30%

Meta kaolin 10%, 15%, 20%

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Introductio Methodolog Result Conclusions &
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Selected Mix Parameters for Detailed Evaluation

w/p ratio 0.32 (Constant)

Expansion material/p 0%, 0.25%, 0.5%

Superplasticizer (SP) dosage Variable

% of replacement of SF 5%, 10%, 15%

% of replacement of LSP 10%, 20%

% of replacement of NP 20%

% of replacement of MK 10%, 15%

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 Introductio Methodolog Result Conclusions &
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Number of
Test specimens Test age Test Standard
for each
mixture
Flow table test - Fresh grout ASTM C 230
3, 7, 14, 28
Compressive strength 12 days ASTM C 942

Tensile strength (Split) 3 28 days ASTM C 496

Modulus of elasticity 3 28 days ASTM C 469
Drying shrinkage 3 28 days ASTM C 157
Corrosion potentials ASTM C 876
3 28 days Linear Polarization Resistance
Corrosion current density Method (LPRM)

Chloride diffusion 3 28 days Fick’s second law of diffusion

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 Introductio Methodolog Result Conclusions &
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Compressive Strength: @ age 28 days

Grout developed with Metakaolin
75.0

70.0

65.0 BS EN 1504
Compressive Strength, MPa

60.0

55.0

50.0

45.0

40.0

35.0
0 A B 0 25 .5 0 25 .5
0- ut ut 10
-
0. -0 5- 0. -0
rt l- o o - - 0 -1 - 5
C Gr Gr K
- 10 -1 K -1
5 - 1
1- - M K K -M K K
M 20 -M -M 23 - M -M
M 21 22 M 24 25
M M M M

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 Introductio Methodolog Result Conclusions &
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Compressive Strength: @ age 28 days

Grout developed with Natural Pozzolan
70.0

65.0
BS EN 1504

60.0
Compressive Strength, MPa

55.0

50.0

45.0

40.0

35.0

30.0
-0 A B
0-
0 25 .5
-0 ut ut -2 0. -0
trl Gr
o
Gr
o 0 -
-2
0
1-
C NP -2
17
- P - NP
M
M 8-N 19
1 M
M

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 Introductio Methodolog Result Conclusions &
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n y s Recommendations

Compressive Strength: @ age 28 days

Grout developed with Limestone Powder
65.0

60.0
BS EN 1504
55.0
Compressive Strength, MPa

50.0

45.0

40.0

35.0

30.0
M1-Ctrl-0- Grout A Grout B M11-LSP M12-LSP M13-LSP M14-LSP M15-LSP M16-LSP
0 -10-0 -10-0.25 -10-0.5 -20-0 -20-0.25 -20-0.5

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 Introductio Methodolog Result Conclusions &
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Compressive Strength: @ age 28 days

Grout developed with Silica Fume
65.0
BS EN 1504
60.0

55.0
Compressive Strength, MPa

50.0

45.0

40.0

35.0

30.0
M1-Ctrl- Grout A Grout B M2-SF- M3-SF- M4-SF- M5-SF- M6-SF- M7-SF- M8-SF- M9-SF- M10-SF-
0-0 5-0 5-0.25 5-0.5 10-0 10-0.25 10-0.5 15-0 15-0.25 15-0.5

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 Introductio Methodolog Result Conclusions &
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Splitting Tensile Strength: @ age 28 days

Grout developed with Silica Fume 5.0

4.0
Splitting Tensile Strength, MPa

3.0

2.0

1.0

0.0
M1-Ctrl- Grout A Grout B M2-SF- M3-SF- M4-SF- M5-SF- M6-SF- M7-SF- M8-SF- M9-SF- M10-SF-
0-0 5-0 5-0.25 5-0.5 10-0 10-0.25 10-0.5 15-0 15-0.25 15-0.5

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 Introductio Methodolog Result Conclusions &
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Splitting Tensile Strength: @ age 28 days

Grout developed with Limestone Powder
5.0

4.0
Splitting Tensile Strength, MPa

3.0

2.0

1.0

0.0
0 -0 t A t B
0-
0
.2
5
0.
5
0-
0
.2
5
0.
5
rl- - -
ou ou -1 0 - 0
-1
0 -2 0 - 0
-2
0
Ct Gr Gr P -1 SP -2
1- LS P -L P
M 1- SP -LS 14 SP -L
S
1 -L 3 -L 16
M 12 M
1 M 15 M
M M

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 Introductio Methodolog Result Conclusions &
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Splitting Tensile Strength: @ age 28 days

Grout developed with Natural Pozzolan5.0

4.0
Splitting Tensile Strength, MPa

3.0

2.0

1.0

0.0
0 A B 0 25 .5
l- 0- t t 0- 0. -0
tr ou ou -2 0 -
-2
0
1-
C Gr Gr NP -2
M 17
- P - NP
-N 19
M 18 M
M

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 Introductio Methodolog Result Conclusions &
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Splitting Tensile Strength: @ age 28 days

Grout developed with Metakaolin
5.0

4.0
Splitting Tensile Strength, MPa

3.0

2.0

1.0

0.0
-0 t A t B - 0
.2
5 .5 5-
0 25 .5
lr -0 ou ou - 10 -0 0-0 -1 - 0. 5-
0
Ct Gr Gr K - 10 -1 K -1
5 -1
1- 0-M K K - M K M
K
M 2 -M -M 23 -M -
M 21 22 M 24 25
M M M M

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 Introductio Methodolog Result Conclusions &
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Modulus of Elasticity: @ age 28 days

Grout developed with Silica Fume
35
BS EN 1504
30

25
Modulus of Elasticity, GPa

20

15

10

0
M1-Ctrl- Grout A Grout B M2-SF-5- M3-SF-5- M4-SF-5- M5-SF- M6-SF- M7-SF- M8-SF- M9-SF- M10-SF-
0-0 0 0.25 0.5 10-0 10-0.25 10-0.5 15-0 15-0.25 15-0.5

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 Introductio Methodolog Result Conclusions &
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Modulus of Elasticity: @ age 28 days

Grout developed with Limestone Powder
35.0

30.0 BS EN 1504

25.0
Modulus of Elasticity, GPa

20.0

15.0

10.0

5.0

0.0
M1-Ctrl-0-0 Grout A Grout B M11-LSP M12-LSP M13-LSP M14-LSP M15-LSP M16-LSP
-10-0 -10-0.25 -10-0.5 -20-0 -20-0.25 -20-0.5

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 Introductio Methodolog Result Conclusions &
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Modulus of Elasticity: @ age 28 days

Mixes Replaced by Natural Pozzolan
35.0

30.0
BS EN 1504

25.0
Modulus of Elasticity, GPa

20.0

15.0

10.0

5.0

0.0
0 A B 0 5 .5
0- ut ut 0- .2 -0
r l- o o -2 0-
0 0
Ct Gr Gr NP - 2 -2
1- - NP
M 17 NP -
M 1 8- 19
M M

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 Introductio Methodolog Result Conclusions &
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Modulus of Elasticity: @ age 28 days

Grout developed with Metakaolin
35.0
BS EN 1504
30.0

25.0
Modulus of Elasticity, GPa

20.0

15.0

10.0

5.0

0.0
-0 A B - 0
.2
5 .5 5-
0 25 .5
-0 ut ut 10 -0 0-
0
-1 0. 5-
0
trl Gr
o
Gr
o K-
10 -1 K 5-
-1
1-
C -M - K -M -1 K
20 K M K M
M -M - 23 -M -
M 21 22 M 24 25
M M M M

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 Introductio Methodolog Result Conclusions &
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Ultimate Drying Shrinkage: @259 days

Grout developed with Silica Fume
700.0

600.0

500.0
Drying Shrinkage, microns

400.0

300.0

200.0

100.0

0.0
M1-Ctrl- Grout A Grout B M2-SF-5- M3-SF-5- M4-SF-5- M5-SF- M6-SF- M7-SF- M8-SF- M9-SF- M10-SF-
0-0 0 0.25 0.5 10-0 10-0.25 10-0.5 15-0 15-0.25 15-0.5

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 Introductio Methodolog Result Conclusions &
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Ultimate Drying Shrinkage: @259 days

Grout developed with Limestone Powder
700.0

600.0

500.0
Drying Shrinkage, microns

400.0

300.0

200.0

100.0

0.0
0 tA tB 0 5 5 0 5 .5
l - 0- u u 1 0- 0 .2 -0. 2 0- 0 .2 -0
tr o o - - 0 - 0- 20
C Gr Gr SP - 10 -1 SP -2 -
1- -L P LS
P -L P LS
P
M 11 LS - 14 LS -
M 12
- 13 M 15
- 16
M M M M

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 Introductio Methodolog Result Conclusions &
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Ultimate Drying Shrinkage: @259 days

Grout developed with Natural Pozzolan
700.0

600.0

500.0
Drying Shrinkage, microns

400.0

300.0

200.0

100.0

0.0
0 tA tB 0 5 5
- 0- u u 0- 0.2 - 0.
tr l o o -2 - 0
C Gr Gr P -2
0 -2
1- 7-N P - NP
M
M
1
8-N 19
1 M
M

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 Introductio Methodolog Result Conclusions &
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Ultimate Drying Shrinkage: @259 days

Grout developed with Metakaolin
700.0

600.0

500.0
Drying Shrinkage, microns

400.0

300.0

200.0

100.0

0.0
-0 tA tB - 0
.2
5
0.
5
5-
0
.2
5 .5
-0 u u 10 0 - 1 0 -0
C trl Gr
o
Gr
o K-
10
-
-1
0
K
-
15
-
- 15
1- -M - K -M - K
20 K M K -M
M -M - 23 M
M 21 22 M 24
- 25
M M M M

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 Introductio Methodolog Result Conclusions &
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Corrosion Potentials: Grout developed with Silica Fume

Corrosion Potential (mV)

-400
M2-SF-5-0

M3-SF-5-0.25

Threshold M4-SF-5-0.5

-300 M5-SF-10-0
-276.0
M6-SF-10-0.25

M7-SF-10-0.5

-200 M8-SF-15-0

M9-SF-15-0.25

M10-SF-15-0.5

Active Line
-100
Active Line

M1-Ctrl-0-0

Grout A
0
0 28 56 84 112 140 Grout B

Exposure duaration (days)

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 Introductio Methodolog Result Conclusions &
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Corrosion Current Density: NP & MK Mixes

90 days
0.30
0.25
0.20
Threshold

Icorr (μA\cm2)
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
M1-Ctrl-0-0 Grout A Grout B M20-MK-10-0 M21-MK-10- M22-MK-10-
0.25 0.5

90 days
0.30
0.25
0.20
Icorr (μA\cm2)

0.15
Threshold
0.10
0.05
0.00
M1-Ctrl-0- Grout A Grout B M20-MK- M21-MK- M22-MK- M23-MK- M24-MK- M25-MK-
0 10-0 10-0.25 10-0.5 20-0.0 20-0.25 20-0.5

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 Introductio Methodolog Result Conclusions &
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Cost Analysis

Cost SR/m3/year
Mix Cost SR/m 3

Control Mix 408 20

Grout A 3080 208

Grout B 3472 199

Silica Fume 443 to 666 7 to 26

Limestone Powder 340 to 443 12 to 15

Natural Pozzolana 448 to 574 16 to 18

Metakaolin 355 to 475 6 to 14

70