GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION

Let us consider following sequences

1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32,64,128,-------------------
1, -3, 9, -27, 81, - 243,-----------------------
√2, 2, 2 √2, 4, 4 √2,----------------------------
2, 1,1/2, 1/4, 1/8, 1/16 ----------------------------
Every term is the same multiple of
previous term. Such sequences are
called Geometric Progressions
t1 = a t2 = ar t3 = ar2 ---- tn = ar(n-1)

1
 GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION
Sum up to n terms of a G.P.
Sn = a + ar + ar2 + …….. + arn-1
r Sn = ar + ar2 + …….. + arn-1 + arn
Subtracting r ar n-1
-a
(1 - r)Sn= (a - arn) S n =
(r - 1)
Sn = a(1 - r n
) r t - t
if |r|< 1 S = n 1
(1 - r) n
(r - 1)
Sn = a(r -1) if |r|>1 rSn – Sn=rtn - t1
n

(r - 1)
S n - t 1
If |r|<1&n→, r →0 n
r =
a Sn - t n
S =
(1 - r)
2
GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION
Area of rectangle is 288 sq units. If
length & breadth are integers, find
the sum of perimeters of all distinct
rectangles that can be drawn?
Length & Breadth of the rectangles
will be factors of 288.
Sum of perimeter of distinct
rectangles is twice the sum of
factors of 288.

3
 20 21 22 23 24 25 GEOMETRIC
30 1 2 4 8 16 32 PROGRESSIO
31 3 6 12 24 48 96 N
32 9 18 36 72 144 2886
[2 -1]
1+ 2 + 4 + 8+ 16 +32 =
[2-1]
[26-1]
3+ 6+12 +24+48 +96 = 3
[2-1]
[2 6
-1]
9+18+36 +72+144 +288 = 3 2

[2-1]
[26-1]
Adding, [1+3+32]
[2-1] Sum of perimeters =
[26-1] [33-1] 2 { sum of factors} =
[2-1] * [3-1] 2*63*13 = 1638 4
GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION
If N = ap * bq , then sum of factors =

[a(p+1)-1] [b(q+1)-1]
*
[a–1] [b–1]

If 144= 25*32 , then sum of factors=

[ 26 - 1 ] [ 33 – 1 ]
*
[2–1] [3–1]
5
GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION
Let us take a GP : 1, 2, 4, 8, 16
Product of these 5 terms is 1024.
Product = 45 , 4 being the middle term
Let us take a GP : 3,9, 27, 81, 243,729,2187
Product of these 7 terms is 817.
Product = 817 , 81 being the middle term
In a G.P, third term is 7. What is the product of
first 5 terms ?
t1 = a t2 = ar t3 = ar2 t4 = ar3 t5 = ar4
t1* t5 = (t3)2 t2* t4 = (t3)2
t1*t2*t3*t4*t5 = (t3)5 = 75 6
GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION
In a GP, first term is 7 and last term is
448. The sum up to n terms is 889. Find
the common ratio.
Sn - t 1 889 - 7 882
r = r = r = r=2
Sn - t n 889 -448 441
In a infinite GP, every term is m times
the sum of all terms that follow. What is
the common ratio ?
t1 = m ( t2 + t3 +---------) a = mar
(1-r)
mr
1 =1-r
a = m (ar + ar2 + -------)
1
a = mar(1+r+r2 -------) r=
m+1
7
GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION
In a infinite GP, every term is 7 times
the sum of all terms that follow. The
sum of first 2 terms = 9. Find a & r.
1
r =8a+ar = 9 a= 8 GP is 8,1,1/ , …
8
If the first term of an infinite GP is
equal to the sum of the terms that
follow, what is the ratio of the
third term to the fifth term of the
series?  (1) 1 : 4 (2)  1 : 2 (3)  2 : 1 (4)  4 : 1 (5)  1 : 8
1
r =2 t3 = ar2 t5 = ar4 t3: t5 = 1 : r2
t 3: t 5 = 4 : 1 8
GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION

If there are three terms in GP, the

terms are taken as a
/r , a, ar.
If there are four terms in GP, the
terms are taken as a 3
r / , a/r , ar, ar3.
If there are five terms in GP, the
terms are taken as a 2
r / , a/r , a , ar &
ar2.
9
GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION
The sum of 3 terms in GP is 26
and the products 216. Find the
terms.
Let the terms be a/r , a, ar.
Product = 216 implies a =6
6
/r+6+6r = 26 6r2+6r+6 = 26r
3r2 – 10r + 3 = 0 (3r-1)(r-3) = 0
r=1/3 r=3
GP is 18,6 and 2 GP is 2,6 and 18
10
GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION
Let us take 2 numbers 1,16.
Geometric Mean of numbers is 4.
Let us write the sequence 1, 4, 16.
They are in GP. 
Let us take 2 numbers 1,16.
Geometric Mean of numbers is 4.
Let us write the sequence1, 4,16.
Geometric Mean of numbers 1& 4 is 2.
Geometric Mean of numbers 4 &16 is 8.
Let us write the sequence 1,2,4,8 & 16.
They are in GP. 11
GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION
If n Geometric Means are introduced
between 2 numbers a and b, the
resultant sequence will be in GP.
a , G1, G2, G3,…………. Gn, b
where
G1, G2, G3,…. Gn are Geometric means.
t1 = a tn+2 = b = ar(n+1)
rn+1 = [b/a]
1/(n+1)
r = [ /a]
b

Product of GMs=(√ab)
12
n
GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION
“n” Geometric Means are introduced
between 2 numbers 5 and 80. If the
product of GMs is 8000, find the
Common ratio and the value of “n”
Product of GMs = (√ab)n =20n
(20)n =8000 = 203
n=3
r4 = [80/5] = 16
r=2
The terms are 5 , 10 , 20 , 40 & 60 13
GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION
If S = − [3(1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5)] + [4(2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6)] −
[5(3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7)] + [6(4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8)] + …… up
to 1226 terms (where each square bracket comprises a
term), then S =  (1)  ? (2)  7234995 (3)  ? (4)  3763820 (5)  3773015
t1 = 3(1+2+3+4+5) = 3*5*3 = 5*32
t2 = 4(2+3+4+5+6) = 4*5*4 = 5*42
t3 = 5(3+4+5+6+7) = 5*5*5 = 5*52
t4 = 6(4+5+6+7+8) = 6*5*6 = 5*62
S = 5 {-32+42-52 +62 +……- 12272+12282
S = 5 {7+11+15+------------+ 2455)
5*613*[2455+7]
S= S = 3773015 14
2
GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION

S = 1 + 2x + 3x2 + 4x3……………….
xs = x + 2x2 + 3x3 + 4x4 …………….
[1 – x] S = 1 + x + x2 + x3 +………

1 1
[1 – x] S = 1
[1 – x] 2
1 1
S=
[1 – x]2
3
4 1
15
GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION
S = 1 + 3x + 5x2 + 7x3……………….
xs = x + 3x2 + 5x3 + 7x4 …………….
[1 – x] S = 1 +2x +2x2 +2x3 +………
[1 – x] S = 1 +2x(1+x+x2+x3+………)
2x 1
[1 – x] S =1+ 2
[1 – x] 3
1+x 2
[1 – x] S = 5
[1 – x]
7 2
1+x
S=
[1 – x]2 16
GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION
S = 1 + 4x + 7x2 + 10x3……………….
xs = x + 4x2 + 7x3 + 10x4 …………….
[1 – x] S = 1 +3x +3x2 +3x3 +………
[1 – x] S = 1 +3x(1+x+x2+x3+………)
3x
[1 – x] S =1+ 1
[1 – x] 3
4
1+2x
[1 – x] S = 3
[1 – x] 7
10 3
1+2x
S=
[1 – x]2 17
GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION
S = 1 + 5x + 9x2 + 13x3……………….
xs = x + 5x2 + 9x3 + 13x4 …………….
[1 – x] S = 1 +4x +4x2 +4x3 +………
[1 – x] S = 1 +4x(1+x+x2+x3+………)
4x 1
[1 – x] S =1+ 4
[1 – x]
5
1+3x
[1 – x] S = 4
[1 – x] 9
1+3x 13 4
S=
[1 – x]2
18
GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION
S = 1 + (k+1)x + (2k+1)x2 + …………
xs = x + (k+1)x2 + (2k+1)x3 ……….
[1 – x] S = 1 +kx +kx2 +kx3 +………
[1 – x] S = 1 +kx(1+x+x2+x3+………)
kx 1
[1 – x] S =1+ k
[1 – x]
K+1
1+(k-1)x
[1 – x] S = 2k+1 k
[1 – x]
1+(k-1)x 3k+1 k
S=
[1 – x]2
19
GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION
S = 1 + 3x + 6x2 + 10x3 +---------------
xS = x + 3x2 + 6x3 + 10x4 + --------
[1 – x] S = 1 +2x + 3x2 +4x3 + ----------
x[1-x]S = x + 2x2 + 3x3 +…………..

[1 – x]2 S = 1 + x + x2 + ……………….
1 1 2
S= 3 1
[1 – x]3 3
6 1
4
10
20
GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION
S = 1 + 4x + 9x2 + 16x3 +---------------
xS = x + 4x2 + 9x3 + 16x4 + --------
[1 – x] S = 1 +3x + 5x2 +7x3 + ----------
x[1-x]S = x + 3x2 +5x3 +…………..

[1 – x]2 S = 1 +2x +2x2 + ……………….

1 3
1+x 2
S= 4
[1 – x]3 5
9 2
7
15
21
GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION
Find the sum to infinity
S=3+7x + 11x2 +15x3 +----+(4n+3)xn+----
S = 3 + 3x + 3x2 + 3x3 + ----------
+ 4x + 8x2 + 12x3+ -------
= 3 (1+x +x2 + x3+ ---------)
+ 4x (1+2x+3x2 + ----------)
3 4x 3 - 3x 4x
S= + S= +
[1 – x] [1 – x]2 [1 – x]2 [1 – x]2

S = 3 + x2
[1 – x] 22
GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION
Find the sum to infinity
S = 3 + 6x2 + 9x4 +12x6 + --------
S = 3 (1+2x2 +3x4 +4x6+ ---------)
x2S = 3 ( x2 +2x4 +3x6+ ---------)
[1 – x2] S = 3 (1+x2 +x4 +x6+ ---------)
3
[1 – x ] S =
2
[1– x2]
3
S=
[1– x2]2

23
GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION
Find the sum to infinity
4 9 16 25
1+ + + + +
7 49 343 2401
S = 1 + 4x + 9x2 +16x3 ---where x = 1/7
1+x
S= 1
[1 – x]3 3
1 4 2
Substituting x = 5
7 9 2
49 7
S= 16
27
24
GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION
Find the sum to infinity
4 9 16 25
1+ + + + +
5 25 125 625
S = 1 + 4x + 9x2 +16x3 ---where x = 1/5
1+x
S= 1
[1 – x]3 3
1 4 2
Substituting x = 5
5 9 2
75 7
S= 16
32
25
GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION
S = 1+ 8x + 27x2 + 64x3 +------------
S(1-x) = 1+7x+19x2+37x2+………
s(1-x)2= 1+6x+12x2+18x3+…………
s(1-x)2 = 1+6x(1+2x+3x2+4x3+…………)
6x
[1 – x]2 S =1+ 1
[1-x]2 7
8 12
1 6x 19 6
S= + 27
[1 – x]2 [1 – x]4 18
37 6
64
1+4x+4x2 24
S= 125 61
[1 – x]4 26
GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION
S =(100*1) + (99*2) + (98*3) + ... + (1*100)
S =(101-1)1 +(101-2)2 + (101-3)+ .. + (101-100)100
S =101*1-12+101*2-22 +101*3-32 . +101*100 -1002
S =101(1+2+3+…+100) –[12+22 +32+--------1002]
101*100*100 100*101*201
S= -
2 6
100*101*102
S=
6
S = 171700
GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION
S =[n*1] + [(n-1)*2] + [(n-2)*3] + ..... + [1*n]

S =(n+1-1)1 +(n+1-2)2 + ………… + (n+1-n)n

S =(n+1)(1+2+…+100) – [12+22 +32+--------n2]

(n+1)*n*(n+1) n(n+1)(2n+1)
S= -
2 6

n*(n+1)*(n+2)
S=
6
GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION
S =12 + 32 + 52 + 72 + ... + 992
S = 12 + 22 + 32 + 42 + ... + 992 –(22 + 42 + ... + 982)
S = 12 + 22 + 32 + 42 + ... + 992 –4(12+22+---+ 492)

99*100*199 4(49*50*99)
S= -
6 6
S = 33*50*199 - 33*50*98
S = 33*50*101
S = 3333*50
S = 16650
GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION
S =12 + 32 + 52 + 72 + ... + (2n-1)2
S = 12 + 22 + 32 + ..+ (2n-1)2 –(22 + 42 +... +(2n-2)2)
S = 12 + 22 + 32 + ... + (2n-1)2 –4(12+22+---+(n-1)2)

(2n-1)*2n*(4n-1) 4(n-1)*n*(2n-1)
S= -
6 6

(2n-1)*2n [(4n-1) – (2n-2)

S=
6
l * (l +1) * (l +2)
(2n-1)*2n *(2n+1) S=
S= 6
6
Where l is the last term
GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION
S =22 + 42 + 62 + 82 + ... + 1002
S = 4(12 + 22 + ... + 502)

4(50*51*101)
S=
6

S = 100*17*101

S = 1717*100

S = 171700
GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION
S =22 + 42 + 62 + 82 + ... + (2n)2
S = 4(12 + 22 + ... + n2)

4n* (n+1)* (2n+1)

S=
6

(2n)*(2n+2) *(2n+1)
S=
6

l * (l +1) * (l +2)
S=
6
Where l is the last term
Find the sum of the first 20 terms
of the series
1*22 + 2*32 + 3*42 + .......
S = (2-1)*22 + (3-1)*32 + ..... + (21-1)*212
S = 23-22 + 33-32 + ......... + 213-212
S = [23+ 33 + .....+ 213]– [22+32+…. +212]
S = [13+23+ .....+ 213]– [12+22+…. +212]
[21*22]2 21*22*41
S= -
4 6
S =21*21*11*11- 7*11*43

S = 7*11[3*21*11- 43] = 50050

Sequences & Series
A1 65 65
A1, A2, A3, ….. A∞
A2 -13 52
represents a Sequence
A3 -78 -26
of numbers satisfying
An+1= An+An+2. Find the A4 -65 -91

sum of the first 3002 A5 13 -78

terms of this sequence, A6 78 0

given that A7 65 65
A1 = 65 and A2 = -13. A8 -13 52
(1)52 (2) 78 (3) 39 A9 -78 -26
(4) 91 (5) -39 A10 -65 -91

A1= A7= A13 A2= A8= A14 A3A=11A9=13A15-78

A12 78 0
A1+ A2+ A3 + A4 + ….. +A3002 = A3001+A3002 = 52
34
 1 1 1 1 2
If + + + +---------- = 6
1 2
2 2
3 2
4 2

1 1 1 1
find + + + +----------
12 32 52 72
1 1 1 1
+ 2 + 2 + 2 +---------- =
1 2
3 5 7
1 1 1 1
[ + + + +----------] -
12 22 32 42
1 1 1 1
[ + 2 + 2 + 2 +----------]
2 2
4 6 8
1 1 1 2 1 2 1
+ + +---------- = - * =
12 32 52 6 4 6 4 35
 1 1 1 1 2
If + + + +----------=
12 22 32 42 6
1 1 1
find 1 - + - +----------
22 32 42
1 1 1
1 - 2 + 2 - 2 +---------- =
2 3 4
1 1 1 1
[ + + + +----------] -
12 32 52 72
1 1 1 1
[ + + + +----------]
22 42 62 82
1 1 1 1 1 2 1
+ + +---------- = - * =
12 32 52 4 4 6 6 36
In the sequence 1 , 2 , 2, 3 , 3, 3 , 4 , 4
,4,4 ……………………………………
Find the 150 th term?
Let n be the value of the 150th term.
1 + 2 …( n–1) <150 ≤ 1 + 2 + 3 + …..( n)
( n – 1) n
/2 < 150 ≤ n( n + 1)/2
( n – 1 ) n < 300 n ≤ ( n + 1 )
( n – 1 ) n and n ( n +1 )
represent products of consecutive
numbers.
16 x 17 < 300 < 17 x 18.
150th term is 17
In the sequence 1 , 2 , 2, 4 , 4 ,4 ,4, 8 ,
8 , 8 , 8 , 8 , 8 , 8 , 8 ,…………….
Find the 1025th term?
Let 2n be the value of the 1025th term.
1+2+…….+2(n–1)<1025 ≤1+2+…….+2n
2n - 1 < 1025 ≤ 2(n+1) - 1
2n < 1026 ≤ 2(n+1)
Required term is 210 .