MEANING OF CORRELATION

 The method of correlation is

developed by Francis Galton in 1885.

 It is the relationship between two sets

of scores
variables.
or
DEFINITION OF CORRELATION

Correlation refers to a technique used to

measure the relationship between two or more
variables.
A correlation coefficient is a statistical
measure of the degree to which changes to the
value of one variable predict change to the
value of another.
A correlation can only indicate the presence or
absence of a relationship, not the nature of the
relationship. Correlation is not causation.
TYPES OF CORRELATION
On the basis of direction of the are
relation between variables, there three types
of correlation. That are ,
1. POSITIVE CORRELATION

2. NEGATIVE CORRELATION

3 . ZERO CORRELATION
POSITIVE CORRELATION

If when the first variable increases or

decreases the other also increases or decreases
respectively their relationship is said to be
Positive correlation , because they move in
the same direction.

Eg. Intelligence and Achievement

NEGATIVE CORRELATION

If when the first variable increases or

decreases , the other respectively ,decreases or
increases their relationship is said to be Negative
correlation because they move in the opposite
direction.
Eg. Anxiety and Performance
ZERO CORRELATION

If there exists no relationship

between two sets of measures or
variables.

Eg. Intelligence and Height.

COEFFICIENT OF CORRELATION
 The ratio indicating the degree of relationship
between two related variables.
 For a perfect POSITIVE CORRELATION the
coefficient of correlation is +1.
 For a perfect NEGATIVE CORRELATION the
coefficient of correlation is -1.
 Positive coefficient of correlation varies from
0 to +1.
 Negative coefficient of correlation varies from
0 to -1.
USES OF CORRELATION

 It helps to determine the validity of a

test.
 It helps to determine the reliability of a
test.
 It indicates the nature of the relationship
between two variables.
 It helps to ascertain the traits and
capacities of pupils.
COMPUTATION OF COEFFICIENT
OF CORRELATION
There are two different methods of
computing coefficient of correlation . They are
,
 RANK DIFFERENCEMETHOD
 PRODUCT MOMENT METHOD
 PRODUCT MOMENT
METHOD
 Most widely used measure of correlation.
 This method is also known as Pearson’s product
moment method in honour of Karl Pearson , who is
said to be the inventor of this method.
 The coefficient of correlation computed by this
method is known as the product moment coefficient
of correlation or Pearson’s correlation coefficient.
 It is represented as ‘r’ .
 The standard formula used in the
computation of Pearson’s product moment
correlation coefficient is as follows :

N ( XY )   X
r
Y
[N  X  ( X ) ][N Y  (Y )
2 2 2

2
]
 N ( X Y )   X
r 
[N  X
2 Y
 (  X )2 ] [ N  Y 2
 (Y )
2
]

Where,
 N - the total no of scores or cases
 Ʃ - the summation of the items indicated
 ƩX - the sum of all X scores
 ƩX² - each X score should be squared and then
those squares summed{the sum of the X
squared scores}
 (ƩX)² - X scores should be summed and the
total squared(the squares of the sum of all the
 ƩY – the sum of all Y scores
 ƩY² - each Y score should be squared
and then those squares summed
 (ƩY)² - Y score should be summed
and the total squared
CALCULATE THE CORRELATION OF THE
FOLLOWING DATA

SUBJECT SCORES IN TEST 1 SCORES IN TEST 2

A 5 12

B 3 15

C 2 11

D 8 10

E 6 18
SUBJECT SCORES SCORES XY X² Y²
IN TEST IN TEST
1 (X) 2 (Y)
A 5 12

B 3 15

C 2 11

D 8 10

E 6 18

N= ƩX= ƩY= ƩXY= ƩX²= ƩY²=

SUBJECT SCORES SCORES XY X² Y²
IN IN
TEST 1 TEST 2
(X) (Y)

A 5 12 60 25 144

B 3 15 45 9 225

C 2 11 22 4 121

D 8 10 80 64 100

E 6 18 108 36 324

N=5 ƩX=24 ƩY=66 ƩXY=315 ƩX²=138 ƩY²=914

 N ( XY )   X
r
Y
[N  X  ( X ) ][N Y  (Y )
2 2 2

2
]
( 5  315)  ( 2 4 
r 
6 6 )
[5138  242 ][5 914 
66 ]
2

1575  1584
r 
( 6 9 0  5 7 6 )( 4 5 7 0  4 3 5 6 )
  9
r 
1 1 4  2 1 4
 9
r 
2 4 3 9 6

 9
r 
1 5 6 .2

r
0.0576
 N ( X Y )   X
r 
[N  X
2 Y
 (  X )2 ] [ N  Y 2
 (Y )
2
]
(5  315)  ( 2 4  66)
r 
[5  1 3 8  24 2
][5  9 1 4 
662 ]
r 
( 6 9 0  1 55 77 65 ) ( 41557804  4 3 5 6 )
 9
r 
1 1 4  2 1 4
 9
r 
2 4 3 9 6
 9
r 
1 5 6 .2
r   0 .0 5 7 6
r= -0.0576 ie, product moment
correlation coefficient= -0.0576
CALCULATE THE CORRELATION
OF THE FOLLOWING DATA
INDIVIDUALS SCORE IN TEST SCORES IN TEST
X Y
A 15 60

B 25 70

C 20 40

D 30 50

E 35 30
INDIVIDU SCORES SCORES XY X² Y²
AL IN TEST IN TEST
X Y
A 15 60

B 25 70

C 20 40

D 30 50

E 35 30

N= ƩX= ƩY= ƩXY= ƩX²= ƩY²=

INDIVIDU SCORES SCORES XY X² Y²
AL IN TEST IN TEST
X Y
A 15 60 900 225 3600

B 25 70 1750 625 4900

C 20 40 800 400 1600

D 30 50 1500 900 2500

E 35 30 1050 1225 900

N=5 ƩX=125 ƩY=250 ƩXY= ƩX²= ƩY²=

6000 3375 13500
 N ( X Y )   X
r 
[N  X
2 Y
 (  X )2 ] [ N  Y 2
 (Y )
2
]

( 5  6000)  (125
r
250)
[ 5  3375125 2 ][5  13500  250 2 ]

30000  31250
r 
[16875  15625 ][67500  62500 ]
  1250
r 
1 2 5 0  5000
 1250
r 
6250000
 1 2 5 0
r 
2 5 0 0

r  0.5
 N ( X Y )   X
r 
[N  X
2 Y
 (  X )2 ] [ N  Y 2
 (Y )
2
]
(5  6000)  (125  250)
r 
[5  3 3 7 5  1252 ][5  1 3 5 0 0 
2502 ]
r 
[ 1 6 8 7 5 3 10 5060205 ] [36 17 25 50 00  6 2 5 0 0 ]
 1250
r 
1250  5000
 1250
r 
6250000
 1250
r 
2500
r  0.5
Product moment correlation coefficient
=
-0.5
INTERPRETATION OF
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT
The correlation coefficient ‘r’ value was verbally
interpreted as per the criteria suggested by
Garret(2010). The details were as follows:

 ‘r’ from 0.00 to ±0.20 denotes negligible

correlation.
 ‘r’ from ±0.20 to ±0.40 denotes low correlation.
 ‘r’ from ±0.40 to ±0.70 denotes substantial or
marked correlation.
 ‘r’ from ±0.70 to ±1.00 denotes high to very
high correlation.
ADVANTAGES OF PRODUCT
MOMENT CORRELATION

It gives a precise and quantitative

figure which can be interpreted
meaningfully.

It helps in establishing the value of

the dependent variable from the
known value of independent variable.
LIMITATIONS OF PRODUCT
MOMENT CORRELATION
 This method assumes that there is a
linear relationship between the variables
under study regardless of the fact
whether it exists or not.
 Compared to other methods , the
computation of correlation coefficient
by this method is time consuming.
 The value of the coefficient is
unduly affected by extreme items.
ANY
DOUBTS
?