MODULATION

What is Modulation?
 Basic terms related to Modulation?

In modulation, a message signal, which contains the information is used to control the
parameters of a carrier signal, so as to impress the information onto the carrier.

The Messages

The message or modulating signal may be either:

analogue – denoted by m(t)
digital – denoted by d(t) – i.e. sequences of 1's and 0's
The message signal could also be a multilevel signal, rather than binary; this is not
considered further at this stage.

The Carrier

The carrier could be a 'sine wave' or a 'pulse train'.

Consider a 'sine wave' carrier:
 Communication systems
 Analog Modulation
 AM
 FM
 PM
 Digital Modulation
 PAM
 PPM
 PWM
 PCM

5.5
 Amplitude Modulation
 Amplitude modulation is the process of varying the
amplitude of a carrier wave in proportion to the
amplitude of a baseband signal. The frequency of the
carrier remains constant
 The modulating Signal become envelop to the carrier.
 The bandwidth of the modulated signal is equal to
twice the bandwidth of the modulating signal
 Since on both sides of the carrier freq. fc, the
spectrum is identical, we can discard one half, thus
requiring a smaller bandwidth for transmission.

5.6
 Amplitude modulation

5.7
 Note

The total bandwidth required for AM

can be determined
from the bandwidth of the audio
signal: BAM = 2B.

5.8
 Frequency Modulation

 The modulating signal changes the freq.

fc of the carrier signal
 The bandwidth for FM is high
 It is approx. 10x the signal frequency

5.9
 Figure 5.18 Frequency modulation

5.10
 AM & FM

5.11
 Phase Modulation (PM)

 The modulating signal only changes the

phase of the carrier signal.
 The phase change manifests itself as a
frequency change but the instantaneous
frequency change is proportional to the
derivative of the amplitude.
 The bandwidth is higher than for AM.

5.12
 Figure 5.20 Phase modulation

5.13
 Note

The total bandwidth required for PM can

be determined from the bandwidth
and maximum amplitude of the
modulating signal:
BPM = 2(1 + β)B.
Where  = 2 most often.

5.14
Digital Transmission
 PULSE MODULATION
 Pulse modulation may be used to transmit analog
information, such as continuous speech or data.
 It is a system in which continuous waveform are
sampled at regular intervals.
 Information regarding the signal is transmitted
only at the sampling times, together with any
synchronizing pulses that may be required.
 At the receiver, the original waveform may be
reconstructed.

5.16
 Sampling
 Analog signal is sampled every TS secs.
 Ts is referred to as the sampling interval.
 fs = 1/Ts is called the sampling rate or
sampling frequency.
 There are 3 sampling methods:
 Ideal - an impulse at each sampling instant
 Natural - a pulse of short width with varying
amplitude
 Flattop - sample and hold, like natural but with
single amplitude value

4.17
 Three different sampling methods for PCM

4.18
 PULSE MODULATION
The process of transmitting signals in
the form of pulses (discontinuous
signals) by using special techniques.

The Chapter includes:

• Pulse Amplitude
Modulation
• Pulse Width Modulation
• Pulse Position
Modulation
• Pulse Code Modulation
 PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION

 Pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM), is a form of

signal modulation where the message information is
encoded in the amplitude of a series of signal pulses.
 It is an analog pulse modulation scheme in which
the amplitudes of a train of carrier pulses are varied
according to the sample value of the message signal.
 Demodulation is performed by detecting the
amplitude level of the carrier at every symbol period

5.20
Pulse Amplitude Modulator

Analog Signal

Amplitude Modulated
Pulses
Pulse Width Modulation (PWM):
* In this type, the amplitude is maintained constant but the duration
or length or width of each pulse is varied in accordance with
instantaneous value of the analog signal.
* The negative side of the signal is brought to the positive side by
adding a fixed d.c. voltage.

Analog Signal

Width Modulated Pulses

 Pulse Code Modulation (PCM):

 Pulse-code modulation (PCM) is a method used

to digitaly represent sampled analog signals. It
is the standard form of digital audio in
computers, digital telephony and other digital
audio applications.
 In a PCM stream, the amplitude of the analog
signal is sampled regularly at uniform
intervals, and each sample is quantized to the
nearest value within a range of digital steps.

5.23
 Pulse Code Modulation
x(t) (PCM)
3

0
t
Consider the analog
Signal x(t).
 Pulse Code Modulation
x[n (PCM)
3 ]

0
n
The signal is first
sampled
 Pulse Code Modulation
(PCM)
3

0
n
 Pulse Code Modulation
(PCM)
3

0
n
 Pulse Code Modulation
(PCM)
3

0
Sampl n
e
 Pulse Code Modulation
(PCM)
3

0
And n
Hold
 Pulse Code Modulation
(PCM)
3

0
n
 Pulse Code Modulation
(PCM)
Assign
Closest
3
Level
2

0
n
 Pulse Code Modulation
(PCM)
3

0
n
 Pulse Code Modulation
(PCM)
3

0
n
 Pulse Code Modulation
(PCM)
3

0
n
 Pulse Code Modulation
(PCM)
3

0
n
 Each quantization level
corresponds to a unique
3 combination of bits. The analog
signal is transmitted/ stored as a
2 stream of bits and reconstructed
when required.
1

0
n
 Each quantization level
corresponds to a unique
3 combination of bits. The analog
signal is transmitted/ stored as a
2 stream of bits and reconstructed
when required.
1

0
n
00 01 10 11 10 01 00
5.38