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Concentrating Power Technologies: Solar
Concentrating Power Technologies: Solar
Solar
Technologies
Presentation By –
Swapnil Gore 5/16/20
MS Student 11
1 Stony Brook University, NY
swapnil.energy9@gmail.com
Overview
Principle: Sunlight – Heat – Electricity
Sunlight is concentrated, using mirrors or
electricity.
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Solar Power Potential
Globally:
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US:
NREL analysis- ‘If only best suited sites are selected, CSP can generate about 26,400,000 GWh/year’
(It is many times more than total US consumption of 3,741,000 GWh)
swapnil.energy9@gmail.com 4 5/16/2011
Concentrating Solar
Technologies
Flat Plate
Collectors
Parabolic Central Tower
Trough
Solar Chimney
Fresnel
Collectors Parabolic Dish
Solar Pond
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Commercial CSP
• Temp~400°C
• Line Focusing
• Linear Receiver tube
• Water consuming
• Conc.: Parabolic Mirrors
• Heat Storage feasible
• Most Commercialized
• Good for Hybrid option
• Requires flat land
• Good receiver η but low turbine η
swapnil.energy9@gmail.com 6 5/16/2011
Commercial CSP
• Temp~600-800°C
• Point Focusing
• Flat Conc. Mirrors
• Commercially proven
• Central Receiver
• Water consuming
• Heat Storage capability
• Feasible on Non Flat sites
• Good performance for large
capacity & temperatures
• Low receiver η but good turbine η
swapnil.energy9@gmail.com 7 5/16/2011
Commercial CSP
• Temp~700-800°C
• Point Focusing
• Uses Dish concentrator
• Stirling Engine
• Generally 25 kW units
• High Efficiency ~ 30%
• Dry cooling
• No water requirement
• Heat storage difficult
• Commercially under development
• Dual Axis Tracking
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Commercial CSP
Parabolic Fresnel
Central Tower Dish Stirling • Temp~400°C
Trough Collector
• Line Focusing type
• Linear receiver
• Fixed absorber row
shared among mirrors
• Flat or curved conc.
mirrors
• Commercially under
development
• Less Structures
swapnil.energy9@gmail.com 9 • 5 MW operational in CA
5/16/2011
CSP Power - Brief
Good DNI range ≥ 5-6 kWh/sq.m/day
Capital Cost: $ 4-8 Million / MW (Increases with Heat Storage)
Land Required: ~ 6-10 acres / MW
Generation Potential: 25-35 MW / sq.km
Units Generated: 1.81 Million Units / year (Increases with Heat Storage)
Capacity Factor: 20 – 25% (Can be increased to 40% using Heat storage)
COGN: $ 0.10 - 0.20 / kWh
Lifespan: ~ 40 years, PPA’s are generally for 20-25 years
Pay back Period: 5-12 years (Depends on the Tariff, subsidies, incentives)
Installation Period: ~ 2-3 years (Capacity dependent)
Working Cycle:
Rankine Cycle,
Brayton cycle,
Stirling cycle
swapnil.energy9@gmail.com 10 5/16/2011
Existing and In-pipeline capacity
Source: Estela 2010 (Figures subject to 2009-10 scenario)
Current Status:
• Operational- ~1.2 GW; Spain 732.4 MW, US 507.5 MW, Iran 17.3 MW, etc.
• Under Construction- ~2.2 GW; Spain 1.4 GW, US 650 MW, India 28.5 MW, etc.
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Commercialized Project Analysis
Andasol 1, 2 & 3
Andasol 1- First Project in Europe
Capacity: 50 MW
Lat- 37°13’ N, Long.- 3°4’ W, 1100m above sea level
Location: Granada Province, Southern Spain
Andasol 3 Andasol 2
Under Const. - Mid-2011 June 2009
Andasol 1
Nov. 2008
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Andasol 1- Specifications
Annual DNI: 2,136 kWh / sq.m. A
Technology Used: Parabolic Trough – Skal-ET 150
Land Utilization: ~ 195 Hectares (9.6 Acres/MW)
Construction Period: July 2006 – October 2008
Estimated Lifespan: 40 years
Entire Efficiency: ~28% peak, ~ 15% annual avg.
Capacity Factor: 20%
Units Generated: upto 180 GWh / Year
Uses Heat storage and Wet Cooling systems
Developers:
ACS Group (75%) Solar Millennium (25%)
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Major Component- Specifications
Solar Field:
Area: 510,120 m2
209,664 mirrors – 580, 500 sq.m.
~ 90 km receiver pipes (Schott Solar & Solel Solar)
Field η = ~ 70% peak, 50% annual avg.
Sustains wind speed of 13.6 m/s
Heat Storage:
• Nitrate Molten Salt type (60% NaNO3 + 40% kNO3)
• Two Tank Indirect: Cold- 292°C, Hot- 386°C
• Storage: 28,000t
• Back up: 7.5 Hours
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Working
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Key Points
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Generalized Cost Breakup (Source: NREL Report)
Considerations:
103 MW Parabolic trough plant with 6.3 hrs. of thermal storage with wet cooling
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Challenges & Alternatives
Heat Storage
Options developed
•Molten Salt- Most Accepted; research going for
single tank storage with two sections
• Phase Change Materials- Research stage
• Steam Accumulator- Less Duration; large area
• Concrete Materials- Research stage
Receiver Heat losses-
• Linear Receivers- Developed with 90%+ η
• Central Tower receivers- Currently used- Receivers with
multiple metallic tubes, Metallic Wire Mesh type, with a coating
technology (Pyromark High Temperature paint) which has a
solar absorptance in excess of 0.95 but a thermal emittance greater than 0.8. Research
going on in thermal spray & chemical vapor deposition
Electricity Generation
Hot Water collectors
• Stand alone
Solar HVAC
• Grid projects
Solar steam Cooking
• Hybrid projects
Solar Ovens/cookers
Industrial Process
Solar Food dryers
Heat
• Boiling
• Melting
• Sterilizing
SOPOGY
Cooling systems Micro-CSP: SopoFlare
Water Desalination
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Development Measures
Attractive FiT, SREC and Policy Mechanisms; Eg: SREC Mechanism in NJ, CA
Tax credits /Rebates; Like: ITC of 30% in US
Grid Interconnection with HVDC; Eg: DESERTEC project
Low Interest Loans, RPS and long tenure PPA’s
On-site Resource Assessment Stations- Reliable resource Database
Setting up Demonstration Projects on Emerging Technologies
Combining CSP with existing conventional projects
R & D in major challenge areas; Eg: R&D in NREL, Sandia National Laboratories
Promote Domestic manufacturing - Cheaper equipment costs for developers
Government Land allotments; Forming SEZ’s, Solar farms for large scale installations
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Earth receives around 174 Petawatts of energy from sun and only
a small part of it is sufficient to meet the annual world electricity
consumption of 20 Trillion kWh
Thank You
We Just need to tap this potential
Thank You
Presentation By –
Swapnil Gore
MS Student 5/16/2011
Stony Brook University, NY
swapnil.energy9@gmail.com