X - RAYS

BY – SAKSHI NIJHAWAN
WHAT IS AN X-RAY?

• An X-ray (X-Radiation) is a type of radiation called electromagnetic waves.

X-ray imaging creates pictures of the inside of you body. Calcium in bones
absorbs X-rays the most, so bones look white, while fat and other tissues
absorb less and look gray.
 HOW DO X-RAYS WORK?
• An X-ray is produced when a negatively charged
electrode (a conductor through which electricity
enters or leaves and object, substance, or region)
is heated by electricity and electrons are
released, thereby producing energy. That energy
is directed toward a metal plate, or anode, at
high velocity and an X-ray is produced when the
energy collides with the atoms in the metal plate.
WHAT ARE X-RAYS USED FOR?

• X-rays can be used to examine most areas of the body. They're mainly used
to look at the bones and joints, although they're sometimes used to detect
problems affecting soft tissue, such as internal organs (stomach, heart, lungs,
liver). Problems that may be detected during an X-ray include: bone fractures
and breaks. X rays are also can be used in other ways. For example, chest x-
rays can spot pneumonia.
WHAT ARE THE MOST COMMON TYPE OF X-
RAYS?
• Abdominal x-rays - imaging test to look at organs and structures in the abdomen.
• Barium x-rays – x-ray of the large intestine, which includes the colon and rectum.
• Bone x-rays – imaging test to look at the bones
• Chest x-rays – x-ray of the chest, lungs, heart, large arteries, and diaphragm
• Dental x-rays – imaging of teeth and mouth
• Extremity x-rays – Imaging of the hands, wrist, feet, ankle, leg, thigh, forearm
humerus or upper arm, hip, shoulder or all of these areas.
IS THE RADIATION FROM AN X-RAY
DANGEROUS?

• People are often concerned about being exposed to radiation during an X-ray.
However, the part of your body being examined will only be exposed to a
low level of radiation for a fraction of a second. Generally, the amount of
radiation you're exposed to during an X-ray is the equivalent to between a
few years and a few days of exposure to natural radiation from the
environment. Being exposed to X-rays does carry a risk of causing cancer
many years or decades later, but this risk is thought to be very small.
PROS AND CONS OF AN X-RAY
CON
PROS S
• Easy to use • Radiation risk – High risk of health issues
• Diagnose condition – spot where the problem is. • No detailed image of the body – don’t give detailed
• Cheaper image especially if a doctor wants to find any medical
issue in different areas of the body
• Treat bone fracture and tumors – indicate exactly where
the fracture is and helps doctors concentrate in that area • DNA change (frequent use)
only • Affects bones – Radiation can cause damage to bones.
• Discover infections – can find a tumor or an infection in • Bones blockage
unexpected areas
 X-RAY
MACHINE
- Anode/anticathode – The component of the x-ray tube where x-rays are Click icon to add
produced.
picture
- Cathode – part of an x-ray tube and serves to expel the electrons from the
circuit and focus them in a beam on the focal spot of the anode.

- Electrons – accelerated towards positively charged anode, which gives

them a certain energy.

- Glass tube - to maintain a vacuum so that electrons from the air do not
contribute to the electron stream.

- Oil – Used as coolant to remove heat from x-rays when produced.

- Lead casing – reduce radiation from reproductive organs

- Window – allows x-rays to pass through but has sufficient strength to hold
the vacuum required for the x-ray tube to operate

- Metal shielding – reduce or shield radiation

- Film – records the image of the part exposed with x-rays

- X-ray – X-radiation
 WHAT IS THE X-RAY PAPER
MATERIAL?
• The x-ray film display is How to read an X-ray
made up of emulsion
(single or double) (mixture
of 2 or more liquids that is
unmixable) of silver halide
(chemical compound)
(silver bromide (AgBr) is
most common) which when
exposed to light, produces a
silver ion and an electron.
X-RAYS OF HUMAN BODY PARTS
 BIBLIOGRAPHY (CITE THIS FOR ME)
• Topics, H., 2021. X-Rays: MedlinePlus. [online] Medlineplus.gov. Available at: <https://medlineplus.gov/xrays.html> [Accessed 20 September
2021].

• nhs.uk. 2021. X-ray. [online] Available at: <https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/x-ray/#:~:text=X%2Drays%20can%20be%20used,bone%20fractures

%20and%20breaks> [Accessed 20 September 2021].

• Independent Imaging. 2021. How Do X-rays Work? | Independent Imaging. [online] Available at: <https://www.independentimaging.com/x-rays-
work/#:~:text=An%20X%2Dray%20is%20produced,atoms%20in%20the%20metal%20plate> [Accessed 20 September 2021].

• nhs.uk. 2021. X-ray. [online] Available at: <https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/x-ray/> [Accessed 20 September 2021].
• Nadrljanski, M., 2021. Cathode (x-ray tube) | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org. [online] Radiopaedia.org. Available at:
<https://radiopaedia.org/articles/cathode-x-ray-tube#:~:text=The%20cathode%20is%20part%20of,generation%20of%20x%2Dray%20beams>
[Accessed 20 September 2021].

• Nadrljanski, M., 2021. Anode (x-ray tube) | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org. [online] Radiopaedia.org. Available at:
<https://radiopaedia.org/articles/anode-x-ray-tube#:~:text=The%20anode%20(or%20anticathode)%20is,side%20of%20the%20electrical%20circuit>
[Accessed 20 September 2021].

• Baes, F., 2021. hps.org. [online] Health Physics Society. Available at: <http://hps.org/publicinformation/ate/q12823.html> [Accessed 20 September
2021].

• Pros an Cons. 2021. Pros and Cons of X-Rays - Pros an Cons. [online] Available at: <https://prosancons.com/medicine/pros-and-cons-of-x-rays/>
[Accessed 20 September 2021].

• Cite This For Me. 2021. Save Time and Improve your Marks with CiteThisForMe, The No. 1 Citation Tool. [online] Available at:
<https://www.citethisforme.com/> [Accessed 20 September 2021].
Thank you for
listening to my
presentation