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BTShap Chain
BTShap Chain
BTShap Chain
Defining Shaping
Shaping is defined as the differential reinforcement of
successive approximations of a target behavior until the person
exhibits the target behavior.
basic principles of reinforcement and extinction
one particular behavior is reinforced and all other behaviors
are not reinforced in a particular situation.
Reinforced behavior=increases
Behaviors not reinforced=decreases
successive approximations
identify an existing behavior that is an approximation of the
target behavior=starting behavior first approximation
reinforce this behavior=person starts exhibiting the
behavior more often
then stop reinforcing the behavior extinction burst,
novel behaviors start appearing start reinforcing novel
behavior (closer approximation to the target behavior)
starts to exhibit the new behavior more often and exhibits
the previous behavior less often
Differential reinforcement continues until target behavior
So…..
Shaping may be used to generate a novel behavior
(language in a young child, lever pressing in the
laboratory, tricks from the dolphin)
To reinstate a previously exhibited behavior (Walking
in patient)
To change some dimension of an existing behavior
(Time between urination for patient)
Shaping Guidelines
Define the target behavior.
Determine whether shaping is the most appropriate
procedure.
Identify the starting behavior
Choose the reinforcer to use in the shaping procedure
Differentially reinforce each successive
approximation.
Move through the shaping steps at a proper pace
Shaping of Problem Behavior
When each occurrence of behavior (primarily
negative) is differentially reinforced.
CHAINING
Each behavioral chain consists of a number of individual
stimulus–response components that occur together in a
sequence. stimulus–response chain.
Establishing Operations
Task Analysis
The process of analyzing a behavioral chain by breaking it
down into its individual stimulus–response components is
called a task analysis.
How to do task analysis
Observe a competent person engage in the task
Ask an expert (a person who performs the task
well).
Perform the task yourself and record each of the
component responses
Experience
Initial;Stage
Task analysis should be revised
Depends on task difficulty level and also on ability
of the individual
May clump easier tasks into 1and break down
tasks if its getting difficult for the client
chaining procedures
Strategies for teaching complex tasks (behavioral
chains)
Systematic application of prompting and fading
strategies to each stimulus–response component in
the chain.
1. backward chaining,
2. forward chaining, &
3. total task presentation
BACKWARD CHAINING
intensive training procedure typically used with
learners with limited abilities.
Last behavior is taught first by using prompting and
fading
The learner completes the chain on every learning trial
Behavior is learned on presentation of discriminative
stimulus---you can move to next step
By doing this last behavior + reinforcer come first