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Ad-2 170410101041
Ad-2 170410101041
OVER AN AIRFOIL
COMPLETED BY
TEJ PATEL
EN. NO.-170410101041
TY - AERONAUTICAL
Viscosity is an aspect of friction. Whenever a fluid moves over a solid surface or over an another
fluid , the mutual frictional resistance arising in the contact surfaces is known as viscosity and such
a flow is known as viscous flow. The viscous shear stress is given by
𝜕𝑢
Ƭ=µ. |𝑦 = 0
𝜕X
µ =1.7894*10−5 kg/ms
Types of viscous flows :
Viscous flows can be differentiated into two types viz Laminar
and Turbulent flow.
Laminar Flows : Laminar flows are those in which streamlines are smooth and regular and
a fluid particle moves smoothly along a streamline.
Turbulent Flows : Turbulent flows are those in which streamlines break up and fluid
particles move randomly in a zigzag fashion.
Boundary Layer :
When a solid body moves in viscous fluid or vice versa , the fluid
layer adjacent to the solid body sticks to it . As we move perpendicular to the fluid
motion from the solid body, the velocities of fluid layers keep on increasing till it
reaches free stream fluid velocity . Thus a velocity gradient exists in the direction
perpendicular to the fluid motion. This region where a velocity gradient exists in the
direction perpendicular to the fluid motion is known as boundary layer.
Types Of Boundary Layer :
S
c) Laminar Boundary Layer: When a laminar flow takes place over a bounding
surface , the associated boundary layer is known as Laminar Boundary Layer.
d)Turbulent Boundary Layer: When a turbulent flow takes place over a bounding
surface the associated boundary layer is known as Turbulent Boundary Layer.
Let u and ρ be the instantaneous velocity and density of a fluid inside a boundary layer . Let
free stream values be 𝑢𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑ρ𝑒 .
Then missing mass flow due to the presence of boundary layer
𝝏 𝝏
𝝆. 𝒆𝒖 𝒆 . ⅆ𝒚 - 𝝆.𝒖. ⅆ𝒚 ------------(3)
𝟎 𝟎
𝝏𝒖𝟐 𝝏𝒖 𝟏 𝝏𝒑
𝝏𝒖 ---------(5)
u. + v. =- . +µ.
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 ρ 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚𝟐
SOME RESULTS:
(A) LAMINAR B.L. : For an incompressible flow over a flat plate
𝟓.𝟎𝒙 𝟏.𝟕𝟐𝒙
∂= ∂*=
√𝑹𝒆𝒙 √𝑹𝒆𝒙
.𝟑𝟕 𝒙
∂= 𝑅
( 𝑒𝑥 )ˆ.2
Aerodynamic Boundary Layer : It was first proposed by Ludwig Prandtl in a paper presented
on August 12,1904 at the third International Congress Of Mathematics in Heidelberg,Germany.
It simplifies equations of a flow around an airfoil by dividing the flow field into two areas viz
flow adjacent to the airfoil i.e. inside the boundary layer where viscosity is dominant and
outside the boundary layer where the flow can be assumed to be inviscid.
Viscous flow solution: This differentiation of flow leads to a simplified solution to viscous
flow problems .
INVISCID FLOW
VISCOUS
FLOW
IN
(a) First for the flow outside the boundary layer inviscid solution is carried out and
ρ𝑒,𝑢𝑒and 𝑇𝑒are found at the outer extreme of the boundary layer.
(b) Using the above values the boundary layer equations (4) and (5) are solved and then
momentum thickness ∂* is found. Once momentum thickness is found effective body shape i.e.
body + boundary layer is determined. Now within this region viscous calculations are carried
out.
Effects of types of boundary layer on shear stress : Velocity profile of a laminar boundary
layer is completely different from that of a turbulent boundary layer.
Incase of a laminar boundary layer, velocity gradually reduces from free stream value at the
outer layer to zero at the wall while incase of a turbulent boundary layer velocity is almost
uniform near to the solid surface and suddenly becomes zero as evident from the following
graph.
Pressure distribution in a boundary layer:
Pressure through a boundary layer in a direction perpendicular to the surface is constant.
Thus in figure though pressure increases in the direction of the flow, but it remains constant in
a given section, viz 1-1, 2-2 etc.
This is an important phenomenon. This is why pressure calculated from inviscid calculation
gives correct value for real life surface pressure.
For full presentation click
Explanation:
𝜕𝑢
Now at y=0, v=0 and 𝜕𝑥 =0 .
hence,
𝟏/ρ . ( 𝝏𝒑/𝝏𝒙 ) = µ . ( 𝝏^𝟐 𝒖)/( 𝝏.y^𝟐 )
𝜕𝑢
Now if 𝝏𝒑/𝝏𝒙=0 ,then ( 𝝏^𝟐 𝒖)/( 𝝏.y^𝟐 ) =0 at the wall i.e. and is at a maximum there
𝜕𝑦
falls away steadily.
𝜕𝑝 𝝏𝒖
If however 𝜕𝑥
> 0 i.e. if there is an adverse pressure gradient ( 𝝏^𝟐 𝒖)/( 𝝏.y^𝟐 ) > 0 i.e. 𝝏𝒚
is at
a minimum there. Hence 𝝏𝒖/(𝝏𝒚 ) first increases and then decreases with y. At this point flow is
at the verge of separation.
If pressure gradient further increases velocity profile gets distorted and ( 𝝏𝒖/(𝝏𝒚 ) )y=0
becomes zero first and flow is at the verge of separation now. On further increase of pressure
gradient( 𝝏𝒖/(𝝏𝒚 ) )y=0 becomes negative and flow reversal happens.
WAKE REGION
PRESSURE REDUCES SHARPLY
Moreover in case of viscous flow over an aerofoil the flow can be divided into two regime as
discussed earlier, viz viscous and inviscid which makes the life easier.
Most importantly , some recent research by NASA is hinting that even as complex problem
as flow separation till date to be thought of completely viscous dominated phenomenon may
be in reality be an inviscid dominated flow which requires only a rotational flow. For example
some inviscid flow field numerical solutions for flow over a circular cylinder when vorticity is
introduced by means of a curved shock wave , accurately predicting the separated flow on the
rear side of the cylinder.
Boundary layer and shock wave interaction :
LAMDA TYPE
SHOCK WAVE