Worked Example 8.

1 Calculating the Amount of PV Work

Calculate the work in kilojoules done during a reaction in which the volume expands from 12.0 L to 14.5 L against
an external pressure of 5.0 atm.
Strategy
Expansion work done during a chemical reaction is calculated with the formula w = –PΔV, where P is the external
pressure opposing the change in volume. In this instance, P = 5.0 atm and ΔV = (14.5 – 12.0) L = 2.5 L. Remember
that an expanding system loses work energy, which thus has a negative sign.

Solution

General Chemistry Atoms First, 2nd Edition © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
John E. McMurry and Robert C. Fay
 Worked Example 8.2 Calculating a Specific Heat
What is the specific heat of silicon if it takes 192 J to raise the temperature of 45.0 g of Si by 6.0 °C?

Strategy
To find a specific heat of a substance, calculate the amount of energy
necessary to raise the temperature of 1 g of the substance by 1 °C.

Solution

Lake Chelan in the North Cascades of

Washington State is the third deepest
lake in the United States at 1486 ft.
Such large masses of water moderate
the temperature of the surroundings
because of their high heat capacity.

General Chemistry Atoms First, 2nd Edition © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
John E. McMurry and Robert C. Fay
 Worked Example 8.3 Calculating ΔH in a Calorimetry Experiment
Aqueous silver ion reacts with aqueous chloride ion to yield a white precipitate of solid silver chloride:

When 10.0 mL of 1.00 M AgNO3 solution is added to 10.0 mL of 1.00 M NaCl solution at 25.0 °°C in a calorimeter, a
white precipitate of AgCl forms and the temperature of the aqueous mixture increases to 32.6 °°C. Assuming that the
specific heat of the aqueous mixture is 4.18 J/(g · °°C), that the density of the mixture is 1.00 g/mL, and that the
calorimeter itself absorbs a negligible amount of heat, calculate ΔH in kilojoules for the reaction.

Strategy
Because the temperature rises during the reaction, heat must be released and ΔH must be
negative. The amount of heat evolved during the reaction is equal to the amount of heat
absorbed by the mixture:
Heat evolved = Specific heat × Mass of mixture × Temperature change
Calculating the heat evolved on a per-mole basis then gives the enthalpy change ΔH.

Solution

The reaction of
aqueous AgNO3 with
aqueous NaCl to yield
solid AgCl is an
exothermic process.

General Chemistry Atoms First, 2nd Edition © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
John E. McMurry and Robert C. Fay
 Worked Example 8.3 Calculating ΔH in a Calorimetry Experiment
Continued

According to the balanced equation, the number of moles of AgCl produced equals the number of moles of Ag + (or
Cl–) reacted:

Therefore, ΔH = –64 kJ (negative because heat is released)

General Chemistry Atoms First, 2nd Edition © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
John E. McMurry and Robert C. Fay
 Worked Example 8.4 Calculating ΔE for a Reaction
The reaction of nitrogen with hydrogen to make ammonia has ΔH ° = –92.2 kJ. What is the value of ΔE in
kilojoules if the reaction is carried out at a constant pressure of 40.0 atm and the volume change is –1.12 L?

Strategy
We are given an enthalpy change ΔH, a volume change ΔV, and a pressure P and asked to find an energy change ΔE.
Rearrange the equation ΔH = ΔE + PΔV to the form ΔE = ΔH – PΔV, and substitute the appropriate values for ΔH, P,
and ΔV:

Solution

Note that ΔE is smaller (less negative) than ΔH for this reaction because the volume change is negative. The products
have less volume than the reactants, so a contraction occurs and a small amount of PV work is gained by the system.

General Chemistry Atoms First, 2nd Edition © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
John E. McMurry and Robert C. Fay
 Worked Example 8.5 Calculating the Amount of Heat Released in a Reaction

How much heat in kilojoules is evolved when 5.00 g of aluminum reacts with a stoichiometric amount of Fe 2O3?

Strategy
According to the balanced equation, 852 kJ of heat is evolved from the reaction of 2 mol of Al. To find out how
much heat is evolved from the reaction of 5.00 g of Al, we have to find out how many moles of aluminum are
in 5.00 g.

Solution
The molar mass of Al is 26.98 g/mol, so 5.00 g of Al equals 0.185 mol:

Because 2 mol of Al releases 852 kJ of heat, 0.185 mol of Al releases 78.8 kJ of heat:

✔ Ballpark Check

Since the molar mass of Al is about 27 g, 5 g of aluminum is roughly 0.2 mol, and the heat evolved is about
(852 kJ/2 mol)(0.2 mol), or approximately 85 kJ.

General Chemistry Atoms First, 2nd Edition © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
John E. McMurry and Robert C. Fay
 Worked Example 8.6 Using Hess’s Law to Calculate ΔH °
Methane, the main constituent of natural gas, burns in oxygen to yield carbon dioxide and water:

Use the following information to calculate ΔH° in kilojoules for the combustion of methane:

Strategy
It often takes some trial and error, but the idea is to combine the individual reactions so that their sum is the desired
reaction. The important points are that:
• All the reactants [CH4(g) and O2(g)] must appear on the left.
• All the products [CO2(g) and H2O(l)] must appear on the right.
• All intermediate products [CH 2O(g) and H2O(g)] must occur on both the left and the right so that they cancel.
• A reaction written in the reverse of the direction given [ ] must have the sign of its ΔH° reversed
(Section 8.7).
• If a reaction is multiplied by a coefficient [ is multiplied by 2], then ΔH° for the reaction must be
multiplied by that same coefficient.

General Chemistry Atoms First, 2nd Edition © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
John E. McMurry and Robert C. Fay
 Worked Example 8.6 Using Hess’s Law to Calculate ΔH °
Continued

Solution

General Chemistry Atoms First, 2nd Edition © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
John E. McMurry and Robert C. Fay
 Worked Example 8.7 Using Hess’s Law to Calculate ΔH °
Water gas is the name for the mixture of CO and H2 prepared by reaction of steam with carbon at 1000 °°C:

The hydrogen is then purified and used as a starting material for preparing ammonia. Use the following information to
calculate ΔH° in kilojoules for the water-gas reaction:

Strategy
As in Worked Example 8.6, the idea is to find a combination of the individual reactions whose sum is the desired
reaction. In this instance, it’s necessary to reverse the second and third steps and to multiply both by 1/2 to make
the overall equation balance. In so doing, the signs of the enthalpy changes for those steps must be changed and
multiplied by 1/2. Note that CO2(g) and O2(g) cancel because they appear on both the right and left sides of
equations.

General Chemistry Atoms First, 2nd Edition © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
John E. McMurry and Robert C. Fay
 Worked Example 8.7 Using Hess’s Law to Calculate ΔH °
Continued

Solution

The water-gas reaction is endothermic by 131.3 kJ.

General Chemistry Atoms First, 2nd Edition © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
John E. McMurry and Robert C. Fay
 Worked Example 8.8 Using Standard Heats of Formation to
Calculate ΔH °
Calculate ΔH° in kilojoules for the synthesis of lime (CaO) from limestone (CaCO 3), the key step in the
manufacture of cement.

Strategy
Subtract the heat of formation of the reactant from the sum of the heats of formation of the products.

Solution

The reaction is endothermic by 179.2 kJ.

General Chemistry Atoms First, 2nd Edition © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
John E. McMurry and Robert C. Fay
 Worked Example 8.9 Using Standard Heats of Formation to
Calculate ΔH °
Oxyacetylene welding torches burn acetylene gas, C2H2(g). Use the information in Table 8.2 to calculate ΔH° in
kilojoules for the combustion reaction of acetylene to yield CO2(g) and H2O(g).

Strategy
Write the balanced equation, look up the appropriate heats of formation for each reactant and product in Table
8.2, and then carry out the calculation, making sure to multiply each ΔH°f by the coefficient given in the balanced
equation. Remember also that ΔH°f (O2) = 0 kJ/mol.

General Chemistry Atoms First, 2nd Edition © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
John E. McMurry and Robert C. Fay
 Worked Example 8.9 Using Standard Heats of Formation to
Calculate ΔH °
Continued

Solution
The balanced equation is

The necessary heats of formation from Table 8.2 are

The standard enthalpy change for the reaction is

General Chemistry Atoms First, 2nd Edition © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
John E. McMurry and Robert C. Fay
 Worked Example 8.10 Using Bond Dissociation Energies to
Calculate ΔH °
Use the data in Table 8.3 to find an approximate ΔH° in kilojoules for the industrial synthesis of chloroform by
reaction of methane with Cl2.

Strategy
Identify all the bonds in the reactants and products, and
look up the appropriate bond dissociation energies in
Table 8.3. Then subtract the sum of the bond dissociation
energies in the products from the sum of the bond
dissociation energies in the reactants to find the enthalpy
change for the reaction.

Solution
The reactants have four C–H bonds and three Cl–Cl
bonds; the products have one C–H bond, three C–Cl
bonds, and three H–Cl bonds. The approximate bond
dissociation energies from Table 8.3 are:

General Chemistry Atoms First, 2nd Edition © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
John E. McMurry and Robert C. Fay
 When 1 mol of acetylene (C2H2) is burned
at room temperature and at constant
pressure, 1254 kJ of heat is liberated from
the system when the products return
to 298 K.

What is the internal energy change of this

chemical system when 1 mol of acetylene
is burned if PV is +4 kJ?

a) 1250 kJ c) 1258 kJ
b) –1250 kJ d) –1258 kJ
e) None of the above
General Chemistry Atoms First, 2nd Edition © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
John E. McMurry and Robert C. Fay
 When 1 mol of acetylene (C2H2) is burned
at room temperature and at constant
pressure, 1254 kJ of heat is liberated from
the system when the products return
to 298 K.

What is the internal energy change of this

chemical system when 1 mol of acetylene
is burned if PV is +4 kJ?

a) 1250 kJ c) 1258 kJ
b) –1250 kJ d) –1258 kJ
e) None of the above
General Chemistry Atoms First, 2nd Edition © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
John E. McMurry and Robert C. Fay
 Given the following two thermochemical equations,

determine the enthalpy change associated with the

synthesis of ammonia.

a) 283.0 kJ
d) –92.2 kJ
b) 92.2 kJ
e) –283.0 kJ
c) –3.2
General Chemistry Atoms First, 2nd Edition © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
John E. McMurry and Robert C. Fay
 Given the following two thermochemical equations,

determine the enthalpy change associated with the

synthesis of ammonia.

a) 283.0 kJ
d) –92.2 kJ
b) 92.2 kJ
e) –283.0 kJ
c) –3.2
General Chemistry Atoms First, 2nd Edition © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
John E. McMurry and Robert C. Fay
 The reaction of nitrogen with hydrogen to make
ammonia is as follows:

Determine E in kJ if the reaction is carried out at a

constant pressure of 40.0 atm and the change in
volume is –1.12 L. (Hint: 1 J = 0.009869 L atm)

a) –4612 kJ
d) –87.7 kJ
b) –96.7 kJ
e) –4.52 kJ
c) –92.2 kJ

General Chemistry Atoms First, 2nd Edition © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
John E. McMurry and Robert C. Fay
 The reaction of nitrogen with hydrogen to make
ammonia is as follows:

Determine E in kJ if the reaction is carried out at a

constant pressure of 40.0 atm and the change in
volume is –1.12 L. (Hint: 1 J = 0.009869 L atm)

a) –4612 kJ
d) –87.7 kJ
b) –96.7 kJ
e) –4.52 kJ
c) –92.2 kJ

General Chemistry Atoms First, 2nd Edition © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
John E. McMurry and Robert C. Fay
 You plan to take a bath but your water heater broke.
In the tub you have 30 kg of water at 20 °C. You
decide to use boiling water from a kettle to heat up
the tub. Assuming no heat is lost to the surroundings,
how much boiling water do you need to bring the
water temperature up to 40 °C? (Hint: Recall that heat
lost to surroundings = heat gained to system.)

a) 1 kg b) 5 kg c) 10 kg

d) 20 kg e) 40 kg

General Chemistry Atoms First, 2nd Edition © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
John E. McMurry and Robert C. Fay
 You plan to take a bath but your water heater broke.
In the tub you have 30 kg of water at 20 °C. You
decide to use boiling water from a kettle to heat up
the tub. Assuming no heat is lost to the surroundings,
how much boiling water do you need to bring the
water temperature up to 40 °C? (Hint: Recall that heat
lost to surroundings = heat gained to system.)

a) 1 kg b) 5 kg c) 10 kg

d) 20 kg e) 40 kg

General Chemistry Atoms First, 2nd Edition © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
John E. McMurry and Robert C. Fay
 Which of the following is the chemical reaction
corresponding to the heat of formation of liquid
ethanol?

a)

b)

c)

d)

e)
General Chemistry Atoms First, 2nd Edition © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
John E. McMurry and Robert C. Fay
 Which of the following is the chemical reaction
corresponding to the heat of formation of liquid
ethanol?

a)

b)

c)

d)

e)
General Chemistry Atoms First, 2nd Edition © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
John E. McMurry and Robert C. Fay
 How much heat is absorbed when 30.00 g of C(s) reacts
in the presence of excess SO2(g) to produce CS2(l) and
CO(g) according to the following chemical equation?

5 C(graph) + 2 SO2(g) → CS2(l) + 4 CO(g) ΔH° = +239.9 kJ

a) 119.9 kJ
b) 239.9 kJ
c) 599.2 kJ
d) 1439 kJ
e) None of the above

General Chemistry Atoms First, 2nd Edition © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
John E. McMurry and Robert C. Fay
 How much heat is absorbed when 30.00 g of C(s) reacts
in the presence of excess SO2(g) to produce CS2(l) and
CO(g) according to the following chemical equation?

5 C(graph) + 2 SO2(g) → CS2(l) + 4 CO(g) ΔH° = +239.9 kJ

a) 119.9 kJ
b) 239.9 kJ
c) 599.2 kJ
d) 1439 kJ
e) None of the above

General Chemistry Atoms First, 2nd Edition © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
John E. McMurry and Robert C. Fay
 Find ΔH for C3H8 (g) + 6 H2O (g) → 3 CO2 (g) + 10 H2, given:

C3H8 (g) + 3 H2O (g) → 3 CO (g) + 7 H2 (g), ΔH = 499 kJ;

CO (g) + H2O (g) → CO2 (g) + H2 (g), ΔH = –41 kJ

a) 376 kJ
b) 458 kJ
c) 540 kJ
d) 622 kJ
e) None of the above

General Chemistry Atoms First, 2nd Edition © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
John E. McMurry and Robert C. Fay
 Find ΔH for C3H8 (g) + 6 H2O (g) → 3 CO2 (g) + 10 H2, given:

C3H8 (g) + 3 H2O (g) → 3 CO (g) + 7 H2 (g), ΔH = 499 kJ;

CO (g) + H2O (g) → CO2 (g) + H2 (g), ΔH = –41 kJ

a) 376 kJ
b) 458 kJ
c) 540 kJ
d) 622 kJ
e) None of the above

General Chemistry Atoms First, 2nd Edition © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
John E. McMurry and Robert C. Fay