Defensive Driving

Seminar
Panay Energy Development
Corporation

February 27, 2017

DEFENSIVE
DRIVING
 Registration of Motor Vehicles
Compulsory Registration of Motor Vehicles

RA 4136 Sec. 5 a
“All motor vehicles and trailers of any type used or
operated on or upon any highway of the Philippines
must be registered with the Land Transportation Office
for the current year in accordance with the provisions of
this Act.”
 Definitions

Highways

- shall mean any public thoroughfare, public

boulevard, driveway, avenue, park, alley and
callejon, but shall not include roadway upon
grounds owned by private persons, universities,
hospitals or other similar institutions.
 Motor Vehicle Classifications
1. Private
2. Government
3. For Hire
4. Diplomatic
 Motor Vehicle Denominations
1. Cars
2. Utility Vehicles (PUJ, vans)
3. Sports Utility Vehicles (SUV)
4. Bus
5. Trucks
6. Motorcycle with or without sidecar (MC or MTC)
7. Trailers
 Certificate of
Registration (CR)
Automated OR

Official
Receipt (OR)
of
Motor Vehicle
Registration
Registration of Motor Vehicles

Motor Vehicle Registration Scheme

RA 4136 Sec. 5 b

“ The dates of annual registration of motor vehicles shall be based on a

registration scheme to be prepared by the Bureau of Land
Transportation…

Any registration of motor vehicles not renewed on or before the date

fixed by the Land Transportation Office shall become delinquent and
invalid.”
Motor Vehicle Registration Scheme

The Registration Schedule of a Motor Vehicle is

based on the LAST and the Next to the Last
numbers in the MV’s License Plate.
Last Digit

Next to the Last Digit

FCD 421 OV 4536

 Motor Vehicle Registration Scheme

Last Digit of Month of 2nd to the Last Weekly Deadline

Plate Number Registration Digit of Plate
Number

1 January
1, 2, 3 7th of the Month
2 February
3 March
4, 5, 6 14th of the Month
4 April
5 May
7, 8 21st of the Month
6 June
7 July
9, 0 Last Day of the Month
8 August
9 September * If the weekly deadline falls on a Saturday, Sunday
or Holiday, the deadline shall be the working day
0 October before the holiday.
 Duty to have License

RA 4136 Sec. 19 Driver’s Licensing

“Except otherwise specifically provided in this Act, it shall be unlawful for
any person to operate any motor vehicle without having in his possession
valid license to drive a motor vehicle.

The license shall be carried by the driver at all times when operating a
motor vehicle, and shall be shown and/or surrendered for cause and upon
demand to any person with authority under this Act to confiscate the
same. (As amended by B.P. 398)”
The Driver’s License
The Driver’s License
 Licenses Issued by LTO

1. Driver’s License
2. Conductor’s License

• Student-driver’s permit
- not a license, permit issued to persons,
not under sixteen years of age, who desires
to operate a motor vehicle
 Types of Driver’s Licenses
1. Professional Driver’s License
• License issued to every and any driver hired or
paid for driving or operating a motor vehicle,
whether for private use or for hire to the
public. (RA4136 Sec 3. Definition of a Professional Driver, Sec. 24.
Use of driver’s License)

2. Non-Professional Driver’s License

• Driver’s License issued to drivers, neither paid
nor hired, to operate a motor vehicle for
private use only.
 Republic Act No. 8750
 AN ACT REQUIRING THE MANDATORY
COMPLIANCE BY MOTORISTS OF PRIVATE AND
PUBLIC VEHICLES TO USE SEAT BELT DEVICES,
AND REQUIRING VEHICLE MANUFACTURERS
TO INSTALL SEAT BELT DEVICES IN ALL THEIR
MANUFACTURED VEHICLES

Title:

“Seatbelt Use Act of 1999”

 SALIENT POINTS ON RA 8750
“Seat Belt Use Act of 1999”

 The driver and the front seat passengers are

required to use their seat belt devices while inside a
vehicle with running engine on any road or
thoroughfare. (Sec. 4a)

 In case of public motor vehicles, the driver shall be

required to immediately require the front seat
passenger upon boarding the vehicle to wear his/her
seatbelt. Any passenger who refuses, shall not be
allowed to continue his/her trip. (Sec. 4b)
 SALIENT POINTS ON RA 8750
“Seat Belt Use Act of 1999”

Children with ages 6 and below are prohibited to sit

in the front seat of any running motor vehicle. (Sec.
5)

For special service vehicles such as school buses,

aside from the driver and the front seat passenger,
the first row passengers immediately behind the
driver and the front seat passenger should also wear
their seat belts.(Sec. 4c)
 Republic Act No. 10054
 AN ACT REQUIRING THE MANDATORY USE OF
STANDARD HELMETS FOR MOTORCYCLE
DRIVERS AND BACKRIDERS

Title:

“Motorcycle Helmet Act of

2009”
 Republic Act No. 10586

 DRIVING A MOTOR VEHICLE WHILE UNDER THE

INFLUENCE OF ALCOHOL OR DRUGS UPON
FINAL CONVICTION BY A REGULAR COURT

Penalty
Php 20,000 – 80,000 if the violation did not result to
physical injury or homecide.
Php 100,000 – 200,000 if the violation resulted to
physical injury
Php 300,000 – 500,000 if the violation resulted to
homecide.
INTERNATIONAL TRAFFIC SIGNS AND ROAD
MARKINGS
INTERNATIONAL
TRAFFIC SIGNS
 TRAFFIC SIGNS

The general principle of traffic signs is to make a

message known quickly, accurately, with minimum
reading skills required.
Safe, rapid, and efficient transportation.
Poor signs, signal, and traffic markings can lead to a
break down in the system.
They are recognizable by shape and color, message
and diagram.
There are three types (classifications) of traffic signs

They are
 REGULATORY
WARNING
and GUIDE.
 REGULATORY SIGNS

1. Stop signs. Stop signs are red octagons and mean come to a complete
stop.
They are the only sign so shaped. Easily recognized at a distance.

2. Yield signs. Yield signs are red and triangular. This sign requires a
driver to
allow other drivers first use of the road.

3. Speed limit signs. Speed limit signs are white with black lettering.
They are
also vertical rectangles. They can also be orange.

4. Other regulatory signs also include: Do not enter, one way, no passing,
no left or U turn. These are combinations of white, black and/or red.
 WARNING SIGNS

Warning signs are information to warn

drivers of hazards they are about to
encounter.

They are usually yellow and diamond

shaped. There are messages to help
drivers understand these hazards.
 GUIDE SIGNS

Guide signs. Guide signs are

used to inform drivers of
routes, gas, food, lodging,
hospitals, rest areas and others.

Guide signs are designated by

color and shape.
Blue is motorist services. Gas, food, lodging, hospitals etc.
Roadway markings
AND LINES
What do the LINES ON THE ROAD WAY indicate?

 Tell you which direction traffic is flowing

Markings: Colors, Patterns, Meaning
WHITE LINES painted on the
pavement indicate traffic traveling in
your direction.

Broken White Line: you may

change lanes if it is safe to do so.

Solid White Line: requires you to

stay within the lane and also marks
the shoulder of the roadway.

YELLOW LINES mark the center of

a two-way road used for two-way
traffic.
SOLID WHITE SHOULDER LINE

 This denotes the edge

of the roadway. Any
asphalt or concrete
surface beyond this line
should not be used
during the normal
operation of your
vehicle.
DIAGONAL WHITE LINES

 An area filled with

diagonal white lines and
bordered by solid white
lines is not considered
part of the roadway, and
vehicles are expected to
stay off unless there is an
emergency. These areas
are often used to ease the
flow of traffic where roads
diverge or intersect.
BROKEN WHITE CENTER LINE OR LANE DIVIDER

  This denotes the center of a two lane road,

or marks the division between lanes on
multi-lane roads.
 It is a reminder to stay in your lane.

 Straddling the line is illegal and

punishable under the law.

 As the line is “broken,” however, this

means it is legal to cross it when
overtaking or changing lanes.

“Bear in mind that vehicles

continuing in a straight line within
their lane automatically have right
of way, so wait your turn.”
SOLID WHITE CENTER LINE

  This is often used to

divide traffic on a two-
way multi-lane road. As
this is a solid line, you
are discouraged from
overtaking over it
unless the way is
absolutely clear.
SOLID WHITE DOUBLE CENTER LINE

 You are forbidden from

overtaking over this line,
but you may make left
turns over it, provided
the way is clear.
Remember, however,
that oncoming traffic still
automatically has right of
way.
SOLID YELLOW DOUBLE CENTER LINE

  This line indicates that

it is unsafe to overtake
at any time. It is often
found around blind
curves or in areas where
fast-moving two-way
traffic meets on an
undivided road.
Mixed center line/solid yellow with broken yellow or white
line

 This indicates that only

one side can overtake--
the side with the
broken line. This is
often found entering
curves where the view
is obstructed coming
from one direction, but
is clear from the
opposite side.
SOLID WHITE LANE DIVIDER

  These are often found

near intersections, and
are reminders to stay in
lane. As a practice, if
you're turning at an
intersection, it's best to
get into the turning lane
50m before the
intersection, while the
lane divider is still
broken.
DIRECTIONAL ARROWS
When combined with solid white lane
dividers, they indicate which directions
you are allowed to go within a lane.
 If the arrow points forward only,
you cannot make a turn from that
lane.

 If it points forward and to the

side, you can either go straight or
turn.

 If it points only to the side, you

must turn within that lane.
Ignoring these arrows might just
BROKE BLUE LANE DIVIDER

 This indicates the

motorbike lane along
major thoroughfares.

 The broken line

indicates that you can
move into and out of it,
but the lane is
preferentially for
motorbikes.
SOLID YELLOW LANE DIVIDER

 This indicates the bus

lane on EDSA, but can
also be used to indicate
bicycle lanes in some
areas.

 Bicycle lanes may also

be indicated by solid
white lines on the side
of the road.
BROKEN YELLOW LANE DIVIDER

  This indicates areas

where you can merge
into the bus lane in
preparation for turning
off EDSA.
yellow with broken yellow or white
line

 This indicates that traffic

on the solid yellow side
cannot cross lanes, while
traffic on the other side
may do so if the way is
clear.
 This is often used where
smaller arteries merge
into main roads or where
feeder roads merge onto
the highway.
RUMBLE STRIPS

 These tightly spaced

horizontal white lines
not only give your car's
suspension a bit of a
workout, they also
indicate hazards ahead,
such as dangerous
curves or merging
traffic.
SOLID WHITE HORIZONTAL LINE

 This indicates where

you must stop at a
stoplight or stop sign.
ZEBRA CROSSING

 This indicates a
pedestrian crossing
zone. Stopping over this
at a red light is a traffic
violation, so make sure
to pay attention to
those light timers!
THE YELLOW BOX

 This box indicates the part

of the intersection that
must--by law--be kept open
at all times.
 Even if you have a green
light, if the traffic is stopped
on the other side ahead, it's
best to wait until there's
enough space for you to
clear the yellow box.
 Even in the absence of a
light, the yellow box must be
kept clear.
THANK YOU!
 DEFENSIVE DRIVING

Defensive driving is often defined as

preventing accidents before they occur…
 DEFENSIVE DRIVING

A Defensive Driver Must:

Be able to keep a safe driving record.

Have a positive attitude on road safety.
Be physically and mentally fit to drive.
Have received proper training before
driving
 FACTORS THAT AFFECT DRIVING:

ATTITUDE
A defensive driver must develop and
demonstrate an attitude that:
 Shows concern for other road users.
 Knows no journey is so urgent that a safe speed can
be maintained.
 Driving is a skill which requires the application of
good techniques.
 Believes that safe driving requires an alert mind at
all times.
 FACTORS THAT AFFECT DRIVING:

BEHAVIOR

An ideal defensive driver:

 Always follow traffic rules.
 Keeps within the advisory speed limit.
 Constantly scans the road for potential hazard.
 Signals his intentions at all times, and
 Shows courtesy at all times.
 FACTORS THAT AFFECT DRIVING:

RIGHT MENTAL ATTITUDE

A defensive driver always maintains a safe

caution of distance in front and behind his vehicles
by:
1. Adopting a positive and skilled mental approach.
2. Observing the four-second rule.
 FACTORS THAT AFFECT DRIVING:

The 4 Second Rule

 Search – The road seen ahead, around and rear of

the vehicle.
 Identify – The potential and immediate hazard on
the road.
 Predict – The actions of other road users.
 Decide – What to do to avoid an unsafe situation.
FACTORS TO
CONSIDER IN
DRIVING
 Vehicle Conditions

A vehicle should be properly equipped and must

always be in good condition for safe driving.
 Vehicle Conditions

B - Battery
L - Lights
O - Oil
W - Water
B - Brake / Belt
A - Air
G - Gas
 Weather Conditions
 Fog, rain, fading daylight or bright sunshine will
reduce visibility so speed must be kept LOW.

Road Conditions
 A good driver is one that looks ahead and recognizes
any change in the road surface.
 Driver’s Conditions

 Vision - a driver must see quickly, clearly and

accurately. Seeing too late make decisions come too
late
 Smell - by smelling, you can tell the presence of gas
that may be coming out of your car
 Hearing - a driver who has impaired hearing may
not hear sirens of emergency vehicles or horns of
other drivers who wants to pass
 Touch - Proper coordination of hand and feet
helps in controlling the vehicle while in motion
 Driver’s Conditions

Emotions affect driving performance. Failure to

control emotions may lead to fatal consequences
 Anger - it impairs the performance of smooth
braking and accelerating
 Anxiety - it may lead to panic decisions
 Excitement –changes the functions of body and
mind that prevents wise decision
 Fatigue - dulls the mind and slows down nerve and
muscular responses
 Driving and Alcohol

Driving is NOT safe when drunk

IF YOU DRINK, DO NOT DRIVE!
Driving under the influence of
liqour is punishable by law
 DRIVING
TECHNIQUES
  
DRIVING TECHNIQUES AND SAFE DRIVING
TIPS

Proper Use of Brakes

Steering
Gear Changing
Stopping
DRIVE SAFELY IN THE
RAIN
“Rain affects your vehicles
stability. “
What To Do While Driving in the Rain

 Turn on your headlights when visibility is very

poor.
 Do NOT turn on your 4-way flashers (Hazard
Lights).
 Brake earlier and with less force than you would
normally.

“Make sure that your wipers are in good

condition and functioning properly. “
 NIGHT DRIVING

You see less at night and so do other

drivers
Be sure you can see clearly in your
headlights
Things to Remember When Driving at Night:

It is best to turn your headlight on at sunset

Dim your lights by switching the low beams
as a vehicle comes toward you.
Try to slow your speed while driving.
Give enough room and space to vehicles
ahead of you, and
Drive as far as possible from the center lane
divider  
 Things to Remember When Driving at Night:

When driving in a brightly lit place, drive

slowly until your eyes adjust to darkness.
Do not wear sunglasses when driving at
night.
When in the act of overtaking or passing at
night, switch to high beam then back to
low, warning the driver you wish to pass.
 RULES
FOR RIGHT OF WAY
 RULES FOR RIGHT OF WAY

First Vehicle Rule

At all intersections without “stop” or
“yield” signs, slow down and prepare to
stop.
Yield to vehicles already in the
intersection or about to enter it.
 RULES FOR RIGHT OF WAY

Same Time Vehicle Rule

At all intersections without “stop” or “yield”

signs (or with stops signs in all directions).
Yield to the vehicle on your right if it has
reached the intersection of same time as
your vehicle.
 RULES FOR RIGHT OF WAY

Stop Signs
Stop at any stop sign or yield sign
Stop at any limit line or crosswalk. Yield to
all approaching vehicles on the thorough
street, go only when it is safe for you to
cross.
 RULES FOR RIGHT OF WAY

Left Turn
Signal left turn and yield to approaching traffic until
it is completely safe to finish the turn.

Rotunda
Vehicles around the rotunda have the right-of-way
over vehicles which are just about to enter.
REMINDER

“When entering a highway from a

driveway, or from a secondary road,
yield the right-of-way to traffic on
the highway.”
 RULES FOR RIGHT OF WAY

Give the Right-of-Way to Emergency

Vehicles
 One should yield the right-of-way to police cars,
fire trucks, ambulances and other emergency
vehicles .
Passing
 The law places the responsibility on the driver of
the passing car, if the driver makes mistakes in
passing he/she is held liable.
PASSING

Three Important Things to Remember

in Passing / Overtaking
 It is illegal to speed up when being
passed.
 Help other drivers to pass safely.
 Show the passing driver the same
courtesy that you would expect from
other drivers.
When NOT to Pass – Specially on Roads Marked by Signs

 At no-passing zone marked by signs

or by solid yellow lines.
 On blind-curves.
 On going up a hill.
 At intersections or railroad
crossing.
 Near a bridge or underpass.
Where Passing / Overtaking is NOT Safe

 When there is a long line of cars ahead.

 When you intend to turn or stop very soon.
 When an incoming car is too close.
 When the car ahead is going at or near the
speed limit
 When sight distance ahead is limited, and
 When the maneuver would have to be
completed in a no-passing zone such as hill,
curve or intersection.
 Passing on the Right is Permitted Only

 When overtaking another vehicle

making or about to make a left turn
or signaling intent to make a left
turn.
 On streets and highways marked for
multi-lanes.
 On one-way traffic streets.
 Curves
 To make it around a tight curve, keep the
turning of the front wheels in line with the
sharpness of the curve.

 When turning right, keep your front wheel close

to the center line. This prevents the rear wheels
from dropping off the pavement.
 Curves
 Curving left keep your front wheels close to
the right edge to prevent the rear wheels from
drifting into the other lane.

 Avoid heavy braking in a curve because this

can cause you to skid out of control.
 Slow down before you get into the curve.
Accelerate after you have passed the midpoint
of the turn. (Slow in – Fast out)
 ROAD
COURTESY
 To Other Motorists:

Give proper signals to other motorists.

When parking, wait for vacant spaces and give
consideration to those who came first.
Give way to vehicles who would like to overtake
your path,
Give proper courtesy to motorcyclists,
bicyclists and other road users.
Check your distance with other vehicles. Avoid
tail-gating.
 Pedestrians:

 Children:  They often forget the dangers of

traffic when playing on sidewalks.
 Older People:  They may not see or hear
very well and may not move of the way
quickly,
 Handicapped People: They should be
given the greatest possible caution and
attention. When you see handicapped people
crossing the road, do NOT honk your horns.
How To Avoid Road Rage

With “Road Rage” incidents

making daily headlines and
aggressive driving rated as the
number one traffic safety concern,
LTO offers the following tips on
how to avoid aggressive drivers:
 How To Avoid Road Rage

 Leave early, avoid rushing.

 Use a MAP or GPS system to find your
destination in advance.
 Make sure your car is in tip-top shape.
 Drive purposefully and keep focused on the
road.
 Keep your mobile phones away from you
while driving.
 How To Avoid Road Rage

The last thing we need to do is to respect

everything:

 If we’re tired, irritable, moody or spaced out,

we shouldn’t be driving.

 Anything that makes us lose control is

dangerous for driving and should be avoided.
THE END!