Pressure Vessel Design

Course No.: FTRI 519

Course Title: Novel Food Processing Technique
 Pressure Cylinder
• Internally pressurized cylinder have a variety of uses in mechanical equipment
• For small cylinders, strengths, wear and corrosion resistance are probably the most
important considerations
• For large cylinders, distortion caused by their own weight may be serious, hence
rigidity is a vital requirement.
• Pressure vessels typically consist of a cylindrical shell and elliptical or hemispherical
heads at the ends
• Most correlations for estimating cost depend heavily on the weight and type of
material used.
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 ASME Codes

• The organization is known for setting codes and standards for

mechanical devices
• Adopted worldwide for design and fabrication of pressure vessels
• For design and construction of boiler and pressure vessels -
ASME section VIII, division 1 and division 2

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 Dimensions
• The ratio t/d, which is the ratio of wall thickness (t) to cylinder diameter (d) is
the criterion
• A cylinder in which the ratio of wall thickness to inside diameter is less than
0.07 may be called as thin cylinder (t/d<0.07)
• A cylinder in which the ratio of wall thickness to inside diameter is greater
than or equal to 0.07 may be called as thick cylinder (t/d>0.07)

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 Design requirements
Basic data required by pressure vessel design engineer. It will be important for
chemical engineer and vessel design engineer to communicate very closely
1. Vessel function and capacity 1. Openings and connections required
2. Process materials and services 2. Heating/cooling requirements
(corrosion, deposits, etc.) 3. Agitation requirements
3. Operating conditions (temperature, 4. Specification of internal fittings
pressure, loading – unloading
method, batch or semi batch etc.)
4. Materials of construction
5. Dimensions and orientation
6. Type of vessel heads to be used 5
 Design requirements
Design Temperature
o Different temperature allowances are used above and below normal operating
temperatures.
o Maximum allowable stress is highly dependent on temperature, metals weaken with
increasing temp.
o vessel should not operate at higher temperature than the highest at which the maximum
allowable stress was evaluated.
o Metals may become brittle at very low temperatures. The minimum design metal
temperature (MDMT) is the lowest temperature that can be expected in the vessel.
o In specifying the maximum and minimum temperatures, disturbances caused by upstream
processes and external factors need to be considered.
o These disturbances may include: transient conditions, upsets, auto-refrigeration, climate,
other cooling factors.

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 Design requirements
Design Pressure
o often overdesigned relative to the maximum operating pressure.
o design pressures of 10% above the maximum operating pressure
o For vessels that will experience external pressure, design pressure is based on the
maximum difference between internal and external pressure.
o Vessels that may potentially experience vacuum conditions must be designed to resist a
negative pressure of one full atmosphere.
o Circumstances that may lead to vacuum conditions include: startup/shutdown procedures,
cooling vessels with condensable vapors, pumping or draining without proper venting, or
some other unexpected disturbance
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 Design requirements
Design Loads
o must be able to resist deformation and collapse when subjected to various loads, classified
into major and subsidiary loads.
o Major loads must always be considered in the design of a pressure vessel, while subsidiary
loads only need to be subjected to formal stress analysis when there is no other way to
show that they can be supported.
o major loads include design pressure, taking into account pressure heads; maximum
operational weight, maximum weight under testing, wind, earthquake, and loads supported
by the vessel.
o subsidiary loads include: local stresses caused by supports, internal structures, and
connecting pipes, shock loads caused by water hammer or surging, bending moments,
loads caused by differences in temperature and thermal expansion coefficients, and those
caused by fluctuations of temperature and pressure.

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 Design requirements
1. Maximum stress theory
• Both ASME Code Section VIII Division 1, and Section I use the maximum
stress theory as a basis for design.
• The maximum principal stress is determined applying this theory
2. Maximum Shear Stress Theory
• Yielding will start at a point when the maximum shear stress at that point
reaches one-half of the the uniaxial yield strength.
• Both ASME Code, Section VIII, Division 2 and ASME Code, Section III,
utilize the maximum shear stress criterion.
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 Design requirements
Materials
• Steel is the most common material used in construction of tanks and pressure vessels.
• Other construction materials include other alloys, wood, concrete, or fiber reinforced plastics
(some low-pressure applications).
• Materials must be able to resist deformation and failure at the process temperature and
pressure, and be compatible with the internal material.
• Other factors for selection include ease of fabrication, availability of parts, and cost

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 Design requirements
Wall Thickness
• The required wall thickness of a vessel will depend on many factors, including:
 the strength of the metal at operating conditions (temperature and pressure),
 diameter of the tank, and
 the joint efficiencies
• minimum wall thickness, not including corrosion allowances, should not be less than 2.4mm
for welded or brazed construction and 4.8mm for riveted construction.
• Thickness for unfired steam boilers should not be less than 6.35 mm.
• wall thickness for rigidity based on vessel diameter:
 4 mm (0.25 in) for 1.07 m (42 in) diameter
 less than 8.1mm (0.32 in) for 1.07-1.52 m (42-60 in) diameter, and
 11.7 mm (0.38 mm) for more than 1.52 m (60 in) diameter (Turton et al., 2012).

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 Circumferential tensile stress (St)
• When
  internal pressure is applied, total
force acting on the half cylinder and tending
to rupture it along the cutting plane is,
• And total resisting force in the cylinder walls
cut by plane is
• For equilibrium, Fr = F

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 Longitudinal tensile
  stress ()
• Force
  acting on a ring section is equal to
• resisting force,
• For equilibrium, Fr = F

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 Mathematical Problems

• A
  cast iron pipe of 40cm internal diameter and 10cm thickness
carries water under maximum radial stress 80 Determine the
maximum and minimum intensities of hoop stress across the
section. Also sketch the radial pressure distribution and hoop
stress distribution across the section.

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 Mathematical Problems
• A
  thick metallic cylinder shell of 150mm internal diameter is
required to withstand the maximum radial stress . Find the
necessary thickness of the shell, if the permissible maximum
tensile stress is .
• A cylinder of 8in. bore has an outside diameter of 14in. Using
Lame’s equation, determine the maximum tangential and radial
stresses under the following conditions-
a. Internal pressure of 2000 psi
b. External pressure of 2000 psi
c. Internal pressure of 2000 psi and external pressure of 1000 psi
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 Mathematical Problems
• What
  is the tangential stress in a steel cylinder of 6in. inside
diameter, 7.5in. Outside diameter with and internal pressure of
750 psi. Also calculate the circumferential stress.

• A steel lap welded tube is 10 ft long with an outside diameter of is

subjected to an external pressure of 150 psi. determine the
required wall thickness.

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