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Why is Geography a Science?
● Introducing Geography

● Cartography: The Science of Mapmaking

● Contemporary Geographic Tools

● Interpreting Maps

● Geographic Grid
 Table of Contents

Introduction Presentation
Thinking geographically is Geography was invented
one of the oldest human by ancient Greek scholar
activities.
Eratosthenes

Analysis Conclusion
Geography is based on two Greek Geography has ancient and
medieval roots.
words, Geo means “Earth”, and
graphy means “to write”
Human Geographers asked???

Where are people and activities found

on Earth?

Why are they found there?

German philosopher Immanuel Kant compared geography and
history

Geography History
Identify the location of important places and Identify the dates of important events and
explain why human activities are located beside explain why human activities follow one
one another another chronologically.

Recognize that at action at one point on Earth can Recognize that at action at one point in time can
result from actions at another point, which can result from past actions that can in turn affect
consequently affect conditions elsewhere. future ones.
 History is all explained by
Geography
Book
Title
—Robert Penn Warren
 01
Introducing
Geography
 Why every place is
unique!
Geographers have two basic concepts explaining why every place is unique:

● A Place is a specific point on Earth, distinguished by a particular characteristic.

● A Region is an area of Earth defined by one or more distinctive characteristics.

Geographers have three basic concepts explaining why different places are interrelated:

● Scale is the relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and Earth as a whole.

● Space refers to the physical gap or interval between two objects.

● Connection refers to relationships among people and objects across the barrier of space.
 Place Region

The place of the City of Luxemburg is a Luxembourg is a part of the region of

stop a hill overlooking the Alzette River Europe
 Scale Space

a. Regional Scale

Connection

b. Local Scale

As a reference tool, a map
helps us to find the shortest route
between two places and to avoid
getting lost along the way.
Cartography: The
Science of
Mapmaking
Understand how cartography developed
as a science
A map is a two-
dimentional or flat-scale
model of Earth’s surface, or
a portion of it.
As a communication tool, a map is often the
best means for depicting the distribution of
human activities or physical features, as well as
for thinking about reasons underlying a
distribution.
Thales of Miletus (ca Aristotle (384-322
624-ca. 546 B.C.) B.C.)

Anaximander (610- Eratosthenes (ca.

ca. 546 B.C.) Geography in 276-ca. 195 B.C.)

the Ancient
Pythagoras (ca. 570- Strabo (ca. 63 B.C.-
ca. 495 B.C.) World ca. A.D. 24)

Ptolemy (ca. A.D.

Hecateus (ca. 570-ca.
100-ca. 170)
476 B.C.)
World Map by
Ptolemy
World Map by
Ortelius
 Contemporary Identif
geogra y
p
contem hy’s
analyti porary
Geographic Tools c mapp
tools.
in g
 Contemporary Geographic Tools

Pinpointing Collecting and

Location: GPS Sharing Data: VGI
• Satelites placed in Volunteered Geographic Information
predetermined orbits by the (VGI) is the creation and
U.S military (24 in operation dissemination of geographic data
and 3 in reserve conributed voluntarily and for free by
• Tracking stations to monitor individuals
and control the satelites
• A receiver that can locate at Analyzing Data:
least 4 satelites, figure out the GI-SCIENCE
distance to each, and use this
information to pinpoint its own
location Geographic Information Science
(GIScience) is analysis of data about Earth
acquired through satelite and other
electronic information technologies
Interpreting Maps
To make any map, a
cartographer must make two-
desicions

 How much of Earth’s

surface to depict on the
map (map scale)

 How to transfer a
spherical Earth to flat
map (projection)
Understand the role of map scale and projection in
reading maps
 Map Scale Refers to the relationship of a feature’s size on a map to
its actual size on Earth.

Ratio Written
A ratio or fraction shows the numerical A written scale
ratio between distances on the map and describes the
Earth’s surface. relationship between
map and Earth’s
distances in words.

Graphic
A graphic scale usually
consists of a bar line
marked to show distance
on Earth’s surface
 Projection
The scientific method of transferring locations on
Earth’s surface to a flat map.

The relative size of different

The shape of an areacan be
areas may be altered, so that
distorted, so that it appears
one area may appear larger
more elongated or squat
than the another on a map
than it is in reality.
while it is in reality smaller.

The distance between two

points may become The direction from one
increased or decreased. place to another can be
distorted.
The Geographic Grid
Latit
ud
A meridian is an arc drawn between the
North and South poles. The location of each
meridian is identified on Earth’s surface
according to a numbering system known as
longitude.
e and
L on g
itude
A parallel is a circle drawn around the
globe parallel to the equator and at right
angles to the meridians. The numbering
system to indicate the location of a
parallel is called latitude
… Telling Time Longitude is the basis for calculating time. Earth as a sphere is divided into 360° of
longitude (the degrees from 0° to 180° east longitude)
 IN
CK-
CH
E Why is Geography a Science?

04 Contemporary mapping
01
utilizes electronic
technologies such as GPS
and GIS.
Reading a map
requires recognizing
Geography has
its scale and ancient and medieval
projection. roots.
Maps are tools of
reference and
increasingly tools of

03
communication
02
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