DSP C5000

Chapter 17
DTMF generation and detection
Dual Tone Multiple Frequency

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 Learning Objectives

 DTMF signaling and tone generation.

 DTMF signal generation
 DTMF tone detection techniques and
the Goertzel algorithm.
 Implementation of the Goertzel
algorithm for tone detection on DSP

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 Introduction
 Dual Tone Multi-Frequency (DTMF) is a widespread used signalling system: telephone services
use commonly key strokes for options selection
 DTMF is mainly used by touch-tone digital telephone sets which are an alternative to rotary
telephone sets.
 DTMF has now been extended to electronic mail and telephone banking systems
 It is easily implemented on a DSP as small part of the tasks.

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 DTMF Signaling
 In a DTMF signaling system a unique combination of two normalized frequency tones
 Two types of signal processing are involved:
 Coding or generation.
 Decoding or detection.
 For coding, two sinusoidal sequences of finite duration are added in order to represent a digit.

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 Dual tone Generation

A key stroke on
« 9 » will generate
2 added tones, one at
852Hz low frequency
and one at 1477Hz

The 2 tones are

Both audible.

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 Tones Generation
 Dual tone generation can be done with 2
sinewave sources connected in parallel.
 Different method can be used for such
implementation:
 Polynomial approximation
 Look-up table
 Recursive oscillator
 DTMF signal must meet certain duration and
spacing requirements
 10 Digits are sent per second.
 Sampling is done via a codec at 8Khz
 Each tone duration must be >40msec and a
spacing of 50ms minimum between two digits is
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 2 and 9 digit signal sequence

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 DTMF generation implementation
 Tone generation of a + + y(n)
DTMF is generally Z-1 Low
based on two freq
+
programmable, second
order digital sinusoidal Z-1
oscillators, one for the
low fl the other one for
the high fh tone. +
Z-1 High
 Two oscillators instead freq
+
of eight reduce the
code size. Z-1

 Coefficient and initial

conditions are set for
each particular
oscillation

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 Digital oscillator parameters
 2 pole resonator
filter with 2 b0
H ( z) 
complexe poles on 1  a1 z 1  a2 z  2
the unit cercle
(unstable) b0  A sin(0 )
a1  2 cos(0 )
Output signal:
Y(n)= -a1y(n-1)-y(n-2) a2  1
Initial conditions:
Y(-1)=0
f0/fs
Y(-2)=-A sin()
f0 is the tone freq
fs is the sampling freq
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 C55 sine generator code
 Frames of data stream of 120 samples (15msec) long
contain either DTMF tone samples or pause samples.
 The encoder is either in idle mode, not used to encode
digits or active and generates DTMF tones and pauses
 The sine equation is implemented in assembly language:
Mov a1/2, T1 ; coded in Q15
Mpym *AR1+,T1,AC0; ;AR1 y(n-1); AR1+1 y(n-2)
sub *AR1-<<#16,AC0,AC ;AC1= a1/2*y(n-1)-y(n-2)
Add AC0,AC1 ; AC1= a1*y(n-1)-y(n-2)
||delay *AR1 ;y(n-2)=y(n-1)
Mov rnd(hi(AC1)),*AR1 ;y(n-1)=y(n)
; output signal pointer is AR1

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 Oscillator parameters at fs=8Khz

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 DTMF Tone Detection
 Goertzel algorithm is the more efficient detection algorithm for a
single tone.
 To detect the level at a particular frequency the DFT is the most
suitable method:

m  N -1 j2km
-
X( k)  
m 0
x(m).e N

•The Goertzel algorithm is a recursive implementation

of the DFT ,
•16 samples of the DFT are computed for 16 tones
See DTMF.pdf file for a complete description

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 Goertzel Algorithm Implementation
 To implement the Goertzel algorithm the
following equations are required:

If the length of the signal is N, the recursion for N - 1time is :

w k (n)  x(n)  2 cos(2f k / f s ) wk (n  1)  wk (n  2)
X (k )  wn ( N  1)  e  j 2f k / f s ) wk ( N  2) Complex formula
Magnitude squared is then :
2 2 2
X(k)  wn ( N  1)  2 cos(2f k / f s ) wk ( N  1).wk ( N  2)  wk ( N  2)

The only coefficient needed to compute output signal level is

Cos(2fk/fs)

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 Goertzel Algorithm Implementation
Get N input samplex(n)

Compute recursive part:

Wk(n), n=0 to N-1
For 8 frequencies

Calculate X2(k) for 8 freq

Tests:
Magnitude
Harmonic
Total Energy

Output Digit

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 Goertzel Algorithm Implementation
 The value of k determines the tone we are
trying to detect and is given by:

fk
k  N
fs
 Where: fk = frequency of the tone.
fs = sampling frequency.
N is set to 205.

 Then we can calculate coefficient

2cos(2**k/N).
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 Goertzel Algorithm Implementation
N = 205 Frequency k Coefficient Coefficient
(decimal) (Q15)
fs = 8kHz
697 18 1.703275 0x6D02*
770 20 1.635585 0x68AD*
852 22 1.562297 0x63FC*
941 24 1.482867 0x5EE7*
1209 31 1.163138 0x4A70*
1336 34 1.008835 0x4090*
1477 38 0.790074 0x6521
1633 42 0.559454 0x479C
* The decimal values are divided by 2 to be
represented in Q15 format (a1/2<1).
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 Goertzel Algorithm Implementation

wn = x(n) - wn-2 + a1*wn-1; 0n<N-1

= sum1 + prod1

Where: a1= 2cos(2k/N) and N=205

This gives 205 MACs+ 205 ADD

The last computation gives the energy of the tone

and is done with:
2 SQRS and one multiplication

|Yk(N) |2 = Q2(N) + Q2(N-1) - a1*Q(N)*Q(N-1)

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 Goertzel Algorithm Implementation
void Goertzel (void)
{
static short delay;
‘C’ code
static short delay_1 = 0;
static short delay_2 = 0;
static int N = 0;
static int Goertzel_Value = 0;
int I, prod1, prod2, prod3, sum, R_in, output;
short input;
short coef_1 = 0x4A70; // For detecting 1209 Hz
R_in = mcbsp0_read(); // Read the signal in
input = (short) R_in;
input = input >> 4; // Scale down input to prevent overflow
prod1 = (delay_1*coef_1)>>14;
delay = input + (short)prod1 - delay_2;
delay_2 = delay_1;
delay_1 = delay;
N++;
if (N==206)
{
prod1 = (delay_1 * delay_1);
prod2 = (delay_2 * delay_2);
prod3 = (delay_1 * coef_1)>>14;
prod3 = prod3 * delay_2;
Goertzel_Value = (prod1 + prod2 - prod3) >> 15;
Goertzel_Value <<= 4; // Scale up value for sensitivity
N = 0;
delay_1 = delay_2 = 0;
}
output = (((short) R_in) * ((short)Goertzel_Value)) >> 15;
mcbsp0_write(output& 0xfffffffe); // Send the signal out
return;
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 C54 assembly programme
Goertzel tone detection routine
;Assume input signal x(n) is read through an I/O port at address 100h
;Output level Y(k)2 is sent to a port at address 1001h
;Scratch RAM reservation
.bss wn,2 ;w(n-1) andw(n-2)
.bss xn,1 ; input signal xn
.bss Y,1 ; tone Energy
.bss alpha,1 ;coefficient storage
; Constant initialisation
alphap .word 0x68ADh ; a2/2 coefficient value at fs=8khz
; (prog memory)
N .set 205 ;value of N

;DSP modes initialisation

SSBX FRCT ;Product shift for Q15 format
SSBX SXM ;Sign extension during shift
RSXB OVA ; no overflowmode for A and B
RSXB OVB

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 C54 assembly programme

;Data pointers Initialisation

LD #wn,AR2 ; AR2 is pointing w(n-1)
LD #xn,AR1
LD #Y,AR4
LD #alpha,AR3
MVPD #alphap,*AR3 ;Move alpha value to data
RAM
RPTZ #1 ;Accumulator A=0
STL A,*AR2+ , w(0) and w(-1) are set to 0
MAR *AR2- ; AR2 is pointing w(n-2)

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 Algorithm Core

STM #N-1,BRC ; repeat block number

RPTB loop-1
PORTR 100h,*AR1
LD *AR1,16,A ; AccH=x(n)
SUB *AR2,16,A ;A=x(n)-w(n-2)
MAC *AR2,*AR3,A ;A=x(n)-w(n-2)+alphaw(n-1)
MAC *AR2,*AR3,A ;A=x(n)-w(n-2)+2alphaw(n-1)
delay *AR2 ;w(n-2)=w(n-1) tap delay
STH A,*AR2+ ;w(n-1)=w(n) tap delay
Loop ;end of loop

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 Energy calculation

LD *AR2,16,A ;A=w(N-1)
MPYA *AR2- ;T=w(N-1) B=w(N-1)^2
MPY *AR2,A ;A=w(N)*w(N-1)
LD *AR3,T ;T=alphap
MPYA A ;A=alphap*w(N)*w(N-1)
SUB A,1,B ; substract with a left shift to ;obtain 2alphap
; B=w(N-1)^2-2alphap*w(N)*w(N-1)
LD *AR2,T ;T=w(N)
MAC *AR2,B ;B=w(N-1)^2-2alphap*w(N)*w(N-1)+w(N)^2
STH *AR4 ;save to Y
PORTW *AR4,101h ;copy output level

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 Universal Multifrequency
Tone Generator and detector (UMTG)
 This software module developed by
SPIRIT Corp. for the TMS320C54x and
TMS320C55X platform
 It can be used into embedded devices for
generating various telephone services used
in intelligent network systems
 Or as a simple tone generator for custom
applications
 It is fully compliant with TMS Algorithm
standard rules
See SPRU 639 and SPRU 638 AN
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 Follow on Activities
 Application 7 for the TMS320C5416 DSK
 Uses a microphone to pick up the sounds generated
by a touch phone. The buttons pressed are identified
using the Goerztel algorithm and their values
displayed on Stdout. The frequency response of each
Goertzel filter is given using Matlab.

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