102

Mathematics - 1
 Syllabus
• Unit: 1 [18 Marks]

Set Theory: -
Set, subset, equality of two sets, Null set ,Universal
set, complement of a set, Difference of two sets,
Venn Diagram, commutative ,associative and
distributive laws , De Morgan's laws , Cartesian
product of two sets ,power sets , Partitions sets ,
Mathematical Inductions , Computing Principles ,
Permutations , Combinations.
• Unit: 2 [17 Marks]

Function:-
Definition, Domain and Range, Constant function, polynomial
function, Relational functions, Exponential functions and Logarithm
functions, Inverse function, Trigonometric functions, Graph of the
functions, Recursive functions: Definitions and Examples.
• Mathematical Functions:-
Floor and Ceiling functions, Integer and Absolute value functions,
Remainder functions
• Sequence and Series:-
Definitions, Difference between Sequence and series, To find nth
term and sum of n terms
• Application to Break-Even Analysis:-
Demand, supply, Revenue and cost function
• Unit: 3 [18 Marks]

Vector, Determinants and Matrices

• Vector : Definitions only

• Determinant : Concept of Determinants, Properties

of determinants, Cramer’s Rule.

• Matrices : Algebra of matrices, Row and Column

Transformation, Computation of Inverse,
Simultaneous equations in two and three unknown
variables solve by matrix methods.
• Unit: 4 [17 Marks]

• Limit and Continuity

Limit of a function, Rules of a Limit (without proof), some standard Limits (without
proof)
 
• Lim Xn – an Lim ax – 1 Lim ex – 1
x->a ------- , x->0 ------ , x->0 ------
x–a x x
 
• Lim (1 + x)1/x Lim (1 + 1/x)x
x->0 x->∞

• Continuity and discontinuity for a polynomial functions at a point.

 
• Text Books:-
Advanced Mathematics – Ravi Gor (Nirav Prakashan)
• Reference Book: -
Discrete Mathematics - S. Lipschutz, M .Lipson
 Set Theory
• Set : The collection of well-defined distinct objects
is known as a set.
• The word well-defined refers to a specific property
which makes it easy to identify whether the given
object belongs to the set or not.
• The arrangement of the objects in the set does not
matter.
• A set may be denoted by placing its objects
between a pair of curly braces.
• The objects that make up a set (also known as the
set's elements or members) can be anything: numbers,
people, letters of the alphabet,  a group of friends, a
list of fruits, a bunch of keys, other sets, and so on.
• A set is usually denoted by capital letters and
elements are denoted by small letters.
• If x is an element of set A, then we say x ϵ A. 
[x belongs to set A]

If x is not an element of set A, then we say x ∉ A. 

[x does not belong to A]
 Predefined sets
• N is the set of counting or natural numbers.
N = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5...}

• W is the set of whole numbers.

W = {0, 1, 2, 3,….}

• Z is the set of integers.

Z = {...-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3...}
• Q is the set of Rational numbers.
Q = { p/q | p, q ϵ Z, but q is not zero}
ex : 2/3 , -1/5 , 3 ,….

• R is the set of Real numbers.

• The real numbers include all the rational numbers,
such as the integers −5 and the fraction 4/3, and all
the irrational numbers, such as √2 (1.41421356...).
• An irrational number is a neither terminating nor
recurring(repeating) term.
ex : pi (3.14159265358979…) ,
Euler’s Number, e (2.71828182845904…)
 Representation of a set
• A set can be represented in a two ways :
1) The List Method
In the list method , we actually list the elements
belonging to the set.
ex : A = {1, 2, 3, 4}
2) The Property Method
In the property method, the characteristics of all
the elements of the set is stated.
ex : A = {x / x ϵ N , 1 < x < 5}
i.e. A = {2, 3, 4}
• Finite set : Set containing finite number of elements
called finite set.
ex : A = {1, 2, 3}
• Infinite set : Set which is not finite is called an
infinite set.
ex : All predefined sets
• Empty set (Null set): A set which contains no
element at all is called an empty set.
• It is denoted by { } or Φ.
ex : A = {x / x ϵ N , x < 1} = { }
• Singleton set : A set consisting of a single element is
called a singleton set.
ex : A= {x / x ϵ Z , -1 < x < 1} = {0}
• Subset : If each element of a set A is also an element
of a set B, then A is called a subset of B.
• B is called the superset of A.
• Symbolically we write, A ⊆ B.
ex : A = {a, b, c}, B = {a, b, c, d, e}
Therefore A ⊆ B
• Note : Every set is a subset of itself.
Null set is a subset of every set.
• Proper subset of a set : The set A is called proper
subset of set B if and only if each element of set A is
the element of set B and there is at least one
element of set B which is not an element of set A.
• i.e. A is a proper subset of B if A ⊆ B and A ≠ B.
• If A is proper subset of B, we write A ⊂ B.
ex : A = {a, b} ,B = {a, b, c, d}

• Power set : The collection of all the subsets of a given

set is called the power set. Power set of set A is denoted
by P(A).
• Note : Φ and A are both elements of P(A).
• If a finite set A has n elements, then the power set of A
has 2n elements.
ex : A = {1, 2}
P(A) = {Φ , A = {1, 2} , {1} , {2}}
ex : B = {{a}, b , c}
P(B) = {Φ , B, {{a}}, {b}, {c}, {{a},b}, {{a},c}, {b, c}}
• Universal set (U) : generally while discussing a
mathematical problem, we think of a definite set
such that all sets under discussion are its subsets.
This definite set is called the universal set with
reference to that problem.

• Complement of a set : Let U be the universal set and

A be its subset. The complement of A is the set of all
those elements of U which are not elements of A.
• Symbolically, complement of a set A is written as A’.
ex : U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} , A = {2, 3, 5}
A’ = {1, 4}
 Venn diagram
• Venn diagram : It is a graphical representation of a
set.
• In Venn diagram, circles are used to show the sets
and rectangle is used to show the universal set.

B U
A
• Subset :
U
B
A

• Complement of a set :
U