CRITERIA IN

EVALUATING
SOURCES
Relevance of the Source to the Research Topic

Check the title, table of contents, summary/abstract,

introduction, or headings of the text to have a sense
of its content.
Check for relevance: Which of the sources would you
pick if you are doing a research on the Law of Supply
and Demand?

a. An Introduction to Theories on Economics

b. How to Invest and Get Rich
c. 105 Habits of Highly Effective Businessmen
 Authority/Author’s Qualifications

If the source does not have an author, think

twice before using it.

Publications from professors are usually peer-

reviewed and have undergone a strenuous
publication process and are therefore reliable.
Check for author’s qualifications: Which of the
following texts would you use for a research
regarding the Holocaust?

a. Dark shadows of the Past: A Comparative Study on

the Holocaust and the Death March; authored by
Mao Guevarra, Ph.D. in History

b. Analyzing Nazism and Extremist Supremacy,

authored by Adolf Mussolini, RMT
Currency/Date Publication

Should be at most five years earlier

Check for currency: Which material will you use
for a research electromagnetism?

a. Notes on Recent Researches in Electricity and

Magnetism, 1853
b. Basic of Electromagnetism, 2015
c. The Foundation of Studies in
Electromagnetism, 2009
d. Fundamentals of Physics, 2013
Contents/ Accuracy of Information

No colloquial words
Location of Sources

Avoid using blogs or personal

homepage and wiki sites
 Reputable Sites
.edu- published by an academic
institution such as university

.gov- government

.net- network infrastractures

Which of these online sources would you
consider using for a research?

a. www.heynewsinquirer.com
b. www. tokyouniversity.edu
c. www.science.wordpress.com
d. www.upd.edu.ph
Robles, 2018
Robles, 2018
Robles, 2018
Robles, 2018
IN-TEXT CITATION (APA
STYLE)
Two of the three reviewed studies focusing on communication in non-
internet and internet relationships mediated by FtF, phone or email
modalities found that the frequency of each modality’s use was
significantly linked to the strength of the particular relationship
(Cummings et al., 2002).

REFERENCE CITATION (APA

STYLE)

Cummings, J.N., Butler, B., 7 Kraut, R. (2002). The quality of online

social relationships. Communication of the ACM, 45(7), 103-108.

Robles, 2018
 STYLE
These citations are governed by rules of style and structure, which are generally

GUIDES
published as style guides or manuals.

STYLE GUIDE DISCIPLINE

APA
(The Publication Manual of the American
Psychological Association)
MLA
(The Modern Language Association Style Guide)
IEEE
(Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers)
AMA
(American Medical Association Manual of Style)
Chicago
(The Chicago Manual Style)
psychology, education, hrm,
business, economics, and other
social sciences
literature, arts and humanities
engineering
medicine, health sciences, and other
natural sciences
reference books, non-academic
periodicals (e.g., newspapers,
magazines, journals, among others)

Robles, 2018
 GUIDELINES IN IN-TEXT
CITATION
1. APA, 6th Edition (pp 169-179) Basic Citation Rules
Follow the author-(latest) year of publication method. Although not required,
APA encourages you to indicate the page numbers even in paraphrases or
summaries. Place the period after the citation when it is at the end of the sentence.

According to Sipacio (2014), APA style is required for business student

majors.

APA style is applied in the social sciences (Sipacio, 2014)

Robles, 2018
 GUIDELINES IN IN-TEXT
For a work with CITATION
only one author.

1. According to Sipacio (2014), APA style is required for business student

majors.
2. APA style is required for business student majors (Sipacio, 2014).

Robles, 2018
• Role-play can help children learn techniques
for coping with bullying
• Susan Kraiser
• August 4, 2011

• Students often had difficulty using APA style,

especially when it was their first time citing
sources.
• Stephen Jones
• September 28, 2015
 GUIDELINES IN IN-TEXT
For two authors,CITATION
notice in the example the use of
“&” when the citations are inside the parenthesis.

1. According to Sipacio and Barrot (2014), APA style is required for

business student majors.
2. APA style is required for business student majors (Sipacio & Barrot,
2014).

Robles, 2018
• Researchers in the linguistics field have developed
training programs designed to improve native
speakers' ability to understand accented speech.
• Martin Derwin, and James Rossiter
• January 17, 2017
 GUIDELINES IN IN-TEXT
For three to five authors, name all three during the first
CITATION
citation. Then use the primary author followed by ‘et al.’
(which means ‘and authors’) for subsequent citations.

First citation:
According to Sipacio, Barrot, and Sanchez (2014), the APA style is appropriate
for the fields of nursing and education.

The APA style is appropriate for the fields of nursing and education (Sipacio,
Barrot, & Sanchez, 2014).

Subsequent citation:
Sipacio et al. states that in general, the social science employ this citation style
(2014).

In general, the social sciences employ this citation style (Sipacio et al., 2014)
Robles, 2018
• Listening to a particular accent improves
comprehension of accented speech in general.

• Krech Tomas, Martha Varonis, Megan Smith,

Simon William, and Arthur Brown

• July 7, 2013 
 GUIDELINES IN IN-TEXT
DIRECT QUOTATIONS
CITATION
When you use a direct quote with less than 40 words, you are required to
include the page number(s) enclosed in parenthesis. The page number must be
preceded by “p.” or “pp.” for multiple pages.

1. Sipacio (2014) claimed that “beginners found the APA style guide too
complex” (p.56).
2. According to Sipacio (2014) “beginners found the APA style guide too
complex” (p. 56).
3. He claimed that “beginners found the APA style guide too complex”
(Sipacio, 2014, p.56) because of several factors.

Robles, 2018
 GUIDELINES IN IN-TEXT
DIRECT QUOTATIONS
CITATION
When you use a direct quote with 40 words or more, you are still required to include
the page number(s). Start your quotation in a new line with a ½ indentation on the left
margin. There is no need to enclose long quotations in quotation marks, but the
parenthetical citation should be placed after the period.

In this article “Poverty in the Philippines: Income, Assets, and Access”,

Scheliz (2005) suggests a list of causes of poverty.

(1) low to moderate economic growth for the past 40 years; (2) low growth
elasticity of poverty reduction; (3) weakness in employment generation and
the quality of jobs generated; (4) failure to fully develop the agriculture sector;
(5) high inflation during crisis periods; (6) high levels of population growth;
(7) high and persistent levels of inequality (incomes and assets), which
dampen the positive impacts of economic expansion; and, (8) recurrent shocks
and exposure to risks such as economic crisis, conflicts, natural disasters, and
environmental poverty. (p.2)
Robles, 2018
GUIDELINES IN REFERENCE
APA 6 EDITION TH
CITATION
Place the reference list on a new page separate from the text of your writing;

Apply hanging indentation;

All text should be double-spaced just like the rest of the paper.

Follow this sequence in writing the names of the author;

Arrange the references in alphabetical order based on the last names of the authors.

Robles, 2018
GUIDELINES IN REFERENCE
APA 6 EDITION TH
CITATION
Do not cut or add the titles;

Capitalize only the first letter of the first word of a title, the first letter of the
first word of its subtitle after a colon, and the proper nouns;

Italicize the titles;

For online sources, make sure to remove the hyperlink of the URL;

For print sources, place a period at the end of the entry;

Put “n.d.” (no date) for sources with no date. Robles, 2018