Alternating Current

Generators
Assignment
  no. 4: Deadline: Monday 19July21 12PM
1. A 50-HP 550 V shunt motor has an armature resistance, of 0.36 ohm. When operating at rated load and
speed, the armature takes 75 A. What resistance should be inserted in the armature circuit to obtain a 20%
speed reduction when the motor is developing 70% of rated torque? Assume there is no flux change.
Given: P = 50 HP, Shunt Motor, = 550 V, =0.36ꭥ, = 75 A
Solution:
When the motor is operated at rated load;
= -
= - = 550 – 75(0.36) = 523 V
Since, counter emf is directly proportional to the speed, when there is a reduction of 20% in speed the
counter emf is
= 523(0.8) = 418.4 V
If the torque developed when the speed is reduced to 80% from 100%, the torque developed is only 70% of
rated torque
since: Torque = k, this will become
T = 0.7k , therefore current in the armature is reduced to 70%
when resistor is inserted to the armature
Thus, + R) = -(0.8)
= (550 - 418.4)/(75)(0.7)
0.36 + R = 2.5
R = 2.14 ꭥ, The value of the resistor inserted in the armature circuit.
 Assignment no. 4: Deadline: Monday 19July21 12PM
2. A 5-HP 230 V shunt motor takes 18 A when operating at full-load. The shunt field
resistance is 115 ohms and the armature resistance is 0.25 ohm. Calculate the value of
the starter resistor if the armature current is limited to 1.5 times the rated value. Brush
drop is equal to 3 V.
Given: P = 5 HP, Shunt motor, = 230 V, = 18 A at full load, = 115 ꭥ, = 0.25 ꭥ, =3 V
Solution: Let R = the value of starter resistor connected in series
to the armature.
= rated armature current
(+R) = (-) - ,but counter emf is zero at starting
= 1.5 , but
=
= 5 x 746/250 = 16.217 A
= 1.5 = 1.5(16.217) = 24.32 A
+R=
R = (250 -3 – 0)/24.33 - = 9.33 – 0.25
R = 9.08 or 9.1 ꭥ
AC Generators
Alternator – is a generator that
delivers an AC voltage to the load.
Frequency of voltage in an alternator
 
f=
f = frequency, in Hertz (Hz)
P = number of poles
N = speed of rotation, in
revolution/min (rpm)
 
Example 1: A 36-pole alternator is operated
at 200 rpm. What frequency is generated?

f = = 36(200)/120 = 60 Hz
 
Generated Voltage in an Alternator
E = 4.44fN
E = rms voltage generated per phase, in
volts (v)
f = frequency of voltage (Hz)
N = number of turns in coil
= flus per pole, in weber (Wb)
 
Example 2:
Solve the effective voltage in one phase of an
alternator given the ff. particulars: f = 60 Hz, turns per
phase, N = 240; flux per pole = 2.08 x maxwells.
Solution:
Note: 1 weber = 1 x maxwells
E = 4.44(60)(240)(2.08 x maxwells)(
E = 4.44(60)(240)(2.08x)( volts
E = 1330 volts
 
Example 3:
Calculate the average voltage generated in a six-turn
full pitch coil of a 25-cycle alternator if the flux per
pole is 7.2 x maxwells.
Solution:
Note: 1 volt (ave) = 1.11 volt(rms)
E = 4.44fN x = 4.44(25)(6) (7.2 x ) x
E = 4.7952 volts(rms)
= 4.7952 volts(rms)()
= 4.32 volts (ave)
COIL SPAN
Coil span – distance between the coils sides measured in terms of armature slotsw.

  Coil span =

Slots

Coil span

Note: Coil span is always rounded off to the smaller whole number,.

Full Pitch = 180 electrical degrees

If the coil span is exactly a whole number, the coil pitch is called full pitch. If the coil span is less
than, then it is called fractional pitch.
 
PITCH FACTOR
If the coil pitch is full pitch, the generated voltages in both sides of the coil are exactly in-phase.
If fractional pitch is used, the emfs in the two coil sides are out of phase, which reduces the emf.
Correction for this is done by multiplying the voltage equation by called pitch factor.
= sin( = pitch factor (decimal value)
p= p = span of the coil in electrical degrees

Example 4:
Calculate the pitch factor of an alternator winding with 36 slots, 4-poles, and coil span of 1 to 8.

Slot 8
Slot 1

p = = () = Coil span = 7 slots

= sin(= sin(140/2) = 0.939
 
Example 5:
A 3-phase, 4-pole, 24 slots alternator has its armature coils short pitched by one slot. Its pitch
factor will be ____.

Slots/pole = 24/4 = 6

Note: As given the coil is short pitched by one slot which means that the slot span must be 5
slots (instead of the full pitch which equal to 6 slots).

p = (180) = 150
= sin(= sin(150/2) = 0.966
 
DISTRIBUTION FACTOR
When several coils in group are connected in series, the total voltage generated by the group is
not equal to the voltage per coil multiplied by the number of coils in the group. It is always less
than because the coils are displaced from each other. The factor by which the generated voltage
equation must be multiplied (because the coils are distributed) is called distribution factor.

=
=; n=
= distribution factor (decimal value)
n = number of slots per pole per phase
= number of electrical degrees between adjacent slots

Example 6:
Calculate the distribution factor for a 36-slot, four-pole, three-phase winding

= ; n = = 3; = = 20
= = = 0.96
 CORRECTED VOLTAGE OF AN ALTERNATOR

E = 4.44fN

E = rms voltage generated per phase , in volts (V)

F = frequency of the voltage, in Hertz (Hz)
N = number of turns per phase
= flux per pole, in weber (Wb)
= pitch factor
= distribution factor
 
Example 7:
Find the no-load voltage per phase of a star connected 4-pole, 50-Hz, alternator from the ff.
given: flux per pole = 0.12 Wb; slots per pole per phase = 4; conductors per slot = 4; two layer
winding, with coil span = 150

= sin = sin(150 = 0.966

n = = 4; = = = 15
= = = = 0.9576
No. of slots = x 3 phase x 4 poles
= 48 slots
Conductors = x 48 slots = 192
No. of turns = x 192 conductors = 96
Turns/phase = 96 turns/3 phase = 32
Substitute data to solve voltage per phase,
= 4.44fN
= 4.44(50)(32)(0.12)(0.966)(0.9576)
= 788.58 per phase
 
Example 8:
The following information is given in connection with a Y-connected alternator: slots = 96; poles
= 4; rpm = 1500; turns per coil = 16; flux 2.58 x lines; coil span = 1 to 20; winding = whole coiled
lap, three-phase. Calculate the generated line to line voltage.

Slots/pole = 96/4 = 24
p= x 180= (20-1/24)(180 = 142.5
= sin = sin(142.5 = 0.947
n = = 24/3 = 8
= = 180 = 7.5
= = = = 0.9556
f = = = 50 Hz
Note: Since not specified assume that there are two coil side per slot (for simplex winding) or
equivalent to 1 coil per slot. Since there are 96 slots then there are also 96 coils.

Two-coil side/slot or
Two elements/slot
Simplex
 N = x = 512 turns/phase

= 4.44fN 1 coil has

= 4.44(50)(512)(2.58 x Mx)(1 Wb/1x) 2 elements
(0.947)(0.9556)
= 2653.8 volt per phase
= = 4596.5 line voltage
 
Assignment No. 5: Deadline: 26July21, 12 PM
1. A 6-pole, 3-phase, 60-Hz, alternator has 12 slots per
pole and four conductor per slot. The winding is 5/6
pitch. There are 0.025 Wb entering the armature from
each north pole, and this flux is sinusoidally distributed
along the air gap. The armature coils are all connected
in series. The winding is wye-connected. Determine the
open circuit emf per phase of the alternator.
2. A 400 kVA, 6.9kV, 60 cycle Y-connected alternator has
the following data: poles=6, cond per slot=12, total
slots=54, winding=two layer lap, pitch=8/9, flux per
pole=4xmaxwells. Determine; a. belt factor, b. pitch
factor, c. cond in series per phase, d. terminal voltage.
Thank you! 