31 Introduction to Chemical Engineering Calculations

Lecture 5.

Ideal Gas Calculations

5 Ideal Gas Calculations

What is an ideal gas?

A n ideal gas is an imaginary gas that obeys exactly the

following relationship:

PV = nRT

where P = absolute pressure of the gas

V = total volume occupied by the gas
n = number of moles of the gas
R = ideal gas constants in appropriate units
T = absolute temperature of the gas

SLIDE
2
5 Ideal Gas Calculations

The Ideal Gas Constant, R

R = 1.987
cal/(gmol)(K)
= 1.987 Btu/(lbmol)(0R)
= 10.73 (psia)(ft3)/(lbmol)(0R)
= 8.314 (kPa)(m3)/(kmol)(K)
= 8.314 J/(gmol)(K)
= 82.06 (atm)(cm3)/(gmol)(K)
= 0.08206 (atm)(L)/(gmol)(K)
= 21.9 (in. Hg)(ft3)/(lbmol)(0R)
= 0.7302 (atm)(ft3)/(lbmol)(0R)

SLIDE
3
5 Ideal Gas Calculations

Standard Conditions for the Ideal Gas

Several arbitrarily specified standard states of temperature

and pressure have been selected by custom.

System TS PS VS nS

SI 273.15 K 101.325 kPa 22.415 m 3 1 kmol

Am. Eng. 492 0 R 1 atm 359.05 ft 3 1 lbmol

Natural Gas
333.15 K 14.696 psia 379.4 ft 3 1 lbmol
Industry

SLIDE
4
5 Ideal Gas Calculations

Example 5-1. Ideal Gas Calculation

Butane (C 4 H 1 0 ) at 360 0 C and 3.00 atm absolute flows into a

reactor at a rate of 1 1 0 0 kg/h. Calculate the volumetric flow
rate of this stream.

Method A. Computation using a known value of R.

The ideal gas equation in terms of flowrate:

PV  nRT or P  V    n  RT
 t   t 
t t  
PV=n
RT

SLIDE
5
5 Ideal Gas Calculations

Example 5-1. Ideal Gas Calculation

Solving for volumetric flowrate:



n RT
V
= P
Obtaining the molar flowrate from m a s s flowrate:


m 1100 kg /
n   19.0 kmol /
h
= MW h 58 kg /
kmol
Using absolute temperatures and pressure:

T = 633 K and P = 3 atm

SLIDE
6
5 Ideal Gas Calculations

Example 5-1. Ideal Gas Calculation

Using the following value of R:

L  atm 1000 gmol  

R  0.08206  82.06 kmol 

gmol  KL  1kmol 
atm K
The volumetric flowrate is



n RT (19.0 kmol / h)(82.06 L  atm / kmol  K)
V 
(633K)
P 3atm
=
V =328,978.5 L  1m3   329m3


h 
1000 L h

SLIDE
7
5 Ideal Gas Calculations

Example 5-1. Ideal Gas Calculation

Method B. By comparison to standard conditions

PV


nT
PS VS
n S TS

Using a basis of 1 hr, then n = 1 9

kmol

The following standard conditions

will be used.
SLIDE
8
5 Ideal Gas Calculations

Example 5-1. Ideal Gas Calculation

Solving for V:

 n  T   PS 
V    V S
n T  P 
 S  S  
19.0
 kmol 
1kmol  633K
273K  1atm 
 3atm
V  22.415m 3


V  329 

m 3

In terms of volumetric flowrate


V= m3
329 h

SLIDE
9
5 Ideal Gas Calculations

Example 5-2. Ideal Gas at Two Different Conditions

Ten cubic feet of air at 70 0 F and 1 atm is heated to 610 0 F

and compressed to 2.5 atm. What volume does the gas
occupy in its final state?

Let 1 denote the initial state of the gas and 2 the final
state.

P1V1 n1T1
 
T1 P2 V2 n 2 T2
T2
V2  V1  P1T2   10.0 3  1.00 atm  10700 0 R   8.08 3
Solving forPV 2 : T ft 2.50 530 R  ft
 2  1    atm 
SLIDE
10
5 Ideal Gas Calculations

Example 5-3. Calculation of Ideal Gas Density

What is the density of N 2 at 27 0 C and 1 0 0 kPa in SI units?

PV  nT
PS VS
n STS
Solving for (n/V) and obtaining the
V from this: V  P   T
density 
 S  S   

n MW   nS  P   TS  
   1kmol   100 kPa  273 K   kg  kg
   22.41m  101.3 kPa 300 28  1.123
 3   
 kmol  m 3
MW K  
SLIDE
11
5 Ideal Gas Calculations

Ideal Gas Mixtures and Partial Pressures

In a mixture of ideal gases, the partial pressure of a gas

component is the pressure that would be exerted by a that
component if it existed by itself in the same volume as
occupied by the mixture and the same temperature of the
mixture.

PiVtotal = niRTtotal

where Pi and n i are the partial pressure and number of

moles of component i.

SLIDE
12
5 Ideal Gas Calculations

Ideal Gas Mixtures and Partial Pressures

For the gas mixture:

PtotalVtotal = ntotalRTtotal

Dividing the two equations,

Pi VT ni RTT n
PTVT  nTRTT or Pi  n i PT  yi PT
T

According to Dalton,

PA + PB + PC + . . . . = Ptotal

SLIDE
13
5 Ideal Gas Calculations

Example 5-4. Ideal Gas Mixtures and Partial Pressures

A flue gas analyzes 14.0% CO 2 , 6.0% O 2 , and 80.0% N 2 . The mixture

is at 400 0 F and 7 6 5 m m H g pressure. Calculate the partial
pressure of each component.

Component y Pi (mmHg)

CO 2 0.140 0.140(765) = 107.1

O2 0.060 0.060(765) = 45.9

N2 0.800 0.800(765) = 612.0

Total 1.000 765 mmHg

SLIDE
14