Grammar

Unit 1: Introduction
Morphology and Syntax
Unit 2: Nouns
Definition, Formation, Function, Classification, Grammatical features
Unit 3: Articles
Indefinite articles, Definite articles, Zero articles
Unit 4: Adjectives
Definition, Formation, Classification, Adjective order, Comparison
Unit 5: Adverbs
Definition, Formation, Classification, Function, Comparison
Unit 6: Prepositions
Definition, Formation, Classification
Grammar
 Unit 7: Pronouns
Definition, Form, Kinds and usage
 Unit 8: Quantifiers
Definition, Form, Classification, Usages
 Unit 9: Verbs
Definition, Form, Classification, Tenses
 Unit 10: Gerund, infinitive and participles
Gerund. Infinitive, Participle
 Grammar
 Unit 11: Modal verbs
Definition, Usages
 Unit 12: Relative clauses
Definition, Relative pronouns Kinds of relative clauses
Replacement of relative clauses by infinitive or participle clauses
 Unit 13: Passive voice
Form, Usage, Special structures
 Unit 14: Conditionals
Definition, Kinds, Usages
 Unit 15: Reported speech
Direct speech, Indirect speech, Kinds
 Unit 1 Introduction
 Grammar: Morphology and Syntax
I. Morphology
The study and description of word-structure and word formation
+ Classes of word: (different parts of speech) noun, verb, adjective, adverb,
article, demonstrative, pronoun, preposition, interjection, conjunction
+ Different grammatical categories:
Noun: person, number, case, gender
Adjective: comparison
Verb: tense, voice, aspect
II. Syntax
The study of arrangement of words into larger units, such as phrases, clauses
and sentences.
 Unit 1 Introduction

I. Phrases: a group of words, which is equivalent to a part of speech

Phrase structure: (pre-modifier) + Head + (post-modifier)
a nice day in December
more expensive than I think
more slowly than I did
in the room
She is a doctor
To learn English is to explore a new culture
II. Clause: a part of sentence, conveying an idea
Clause elements: S, V, O, C, A
Structural classification:
we are students/ asked by the police, he got confused
his duty is to make tea, I love listening to music
 Unit 1 Introduction
 Functional classification
Main (independent/super-ordinate) clauses and subordinate (dependent) clauses
What I want is also what he needs
Nominal clauses: I think that she is a spy/ I believed that he was right
Adjectival clause: The man who lived next door is a doctor
Adverbial clause: They came late because they missed the train
III. Sentence
A group of words containing both subject and a finite verb to express a complete thought
Sentence elements: Subject (S), Verb (V), Object (O), Complement (C), Adverbial (A)
We learn English at school
S V O A
She made me angry
S V O C
 Unit 1 Introduction
 Classification according to communicative function:
Declarative: We work hard/ They didn’t like cold weather
Interrogative: Do you like the party? What is her name?
Imperative: Open the door/ Don’t give up
Exclamatory: What a nice day! Well-done!
Structural classification:
Simple sentence: sentences with only one finite clause: They work for a joint- company
Compound sentence: sentences with two or more independent clauses joined together
by and, or, but, so, for…
My friends asked me to go out last night but I refused
They work hard and they earn a lot of money
Give me the money or I’ll kill you
 Unit 1 Introduction
 Complex sentence: sentences with two or more clauses,
one of which is subordinate (dependent) clause and other
is main clause.
If I were you, I would say yes.
when I came, she was cooking
I couldn’t come because it rained heavily