CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKSHOP PRACTICE

Course code: CVL 1013

Program: B. Tech.
Semester: FIRST (Credit: 4)

Course instructor
Mrs. Rashmisikha Behera
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering
Faculty of Engineering & Technology
Institute of Technical Education & Research
Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan deemed to be University
Bhubaneswar, Odisha-751030, India
Brick
Masonry

2
Brick Masonry
Brick is a small rectangular block
typically made of fired or sun-dried
clay, used in building.

1.Common Burnt Clay Bricks

2.Concrete Bricks
3.Sand Lime Bricks (Calcium Silicate
Bricks)
4.Fly ash Clay Bricks
5.Engineering Bricks

3
Brick Masonry
Traditional Bricks:
 No standard size and dimensions vary from place to place.
 Length varies from 20 to 25 cm, width varies from 10 to 13 cm and
thickness varies from 5 cm to 7.5 cm.
 The commonly adopted nominal size of traditional brick is 23 cm x 11.5
cm x 7.5 cm.
Modular Bricks:
 Standard size by Bureau of Indian Standard Institution, India.
 The actual size of the brick is 19cm x 9cm x9cm.
 Nominal size of the brick is 20cmx10cmx10cm.
 Economical to manufacture, require less area for drying, and staking and
requires less brick work for wall in comparison to traditional bricks.
4
Brick Masonry

Manufacturing Process
https://www.youtube.com/w
atch?v=0HI7brkOR84
Brick Masonry

Brick

6
Brick Masonry
Brick

Course
Each horizontal layer of bricks laid in
mortar in any brick work is called
course.

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Brick Masonry
Terminology
1. CLOSER: Portion of the brick cut along the length in such a way as
one long face remains intact.

2. QUEEN CLOSER: Brick is cut along its length, making it two equal
halves. A broken portion whose width is half as wide as the original
brick.

3. QUEEN CLOSER QUARTER: Broken into two equal pieces. Such a

closer is thus a brick piece which is one quarter of the brick size.

Queen closer Queen closer

Full size brick (Half size) (Quarter size) 8
Terminology
4. KING CLOSER: A brick is cut in such a way that the width of one end
becomes half that of a full brick, while the width at the other end is
equal to the full width.

5. BEVELLED CLOSER: Whole length of the brick (i.e. stretcher face) is

chamfered or bevelled in such a way that half width is maintained at
one end and full width is maintained at the other end.

6. MITRED CLOSER: One end is cut splayed or mitred for full width.
The angle of splay may vary from 450 to 600. Thus one longer face of the
mitred closer is of full length of the brick while the other longer face is
smaller in length.

King closer Bevelled closer Mitred closer 9

Terminology
7. BAT: Brick is cut across the width, the resulting piece is called bat.
Thus a bat is smaller in length than the full brick.

8. HALF BAT: Length of the bat is equal to half the length of the
original brick, it is known as half bat.

9. THREE QUARTER BAT: Form of brick bat having its length equal to
three quarter of the length of a full brick.

10. BEVELED BAT: A brick bat is called bevelled bat, when its width

has bevelled.

Half Bat Three quarter bat Bevelled Bat 10

Terminology
Quoin:

• Exterior angle or corner of a masonry wall.

• The brick or stone laid on the corner of a

wall, as a header known as quoin header.

Brick Masonry
Bond/Joint
 Bonding is the process of arranging bricks with mortar to tie them together.

Bonds in brick
masonry
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Brick Masonry
Bond/Joint
Stretcher Bond
Types of bond In this type of bond, all the bricks are
• Stretcher Bond arranged in the stretcher courses. So
wall having stretchers in the facing
• Header bond
• English bond
• Flemish bond
Stretcher
Brick Masonry
Bond/Joint
Header Bond
Types of bond Header bond, all the bricks are
arranged in the header courses. So the
• Stretcher Bond
wall having headers in the facing.
• Header bond
• English bond
• Flemish bond Header
Brick Masonry
English Bond
Bond/Joint
Alternative courses of stretcher and header. A
Types of bond queen closer is placed just after the header to
provide a good overlap. The queen closer is
• Stretcher Bond
not required in the stretcher course.
• Header bond
• English bond
• Flemish bond

Stretcher

Header
Brick Masonry
Bond/Joint
English Bond

• Generally used in practice and the strongest bond

• The queen closer is put next to the queen header to develop.

• Each alternate header is centrally supported over a stretcher.

• Wall thickness of even multiple of half-brick, same course shows

headers or stretchers in both the fronts and the back

• But, wall thickness of uneven multiple of half-brick, a course

showing stretcher on the face shows the header on the back and

vice versa.
Brick Masonry
Bond/Joint Flemish Bond
Types of bond Every course, the headers, and stretchers are
placed alternatively. 
• Stretcher Bond
• Header bond
• English bond
• Flemish bond

Stretcher

Header
Brick Masonry
Bond/Joint
Flemish Bond
 The headers are distributed evenly and hence,
it creates a better appearance than the English
bond.
 Every course, the headers, and stretchers are
placed alternatively. 
 The queen closer is put next to the quoin
header in alternate courses to develop the face
lap.
 Every header is centrally supported over a
stretcher below it.
Brick Masonry
Bond/Joint Double Flemish bond, the headers and
stretchers are placed alternatively in front
Flemish Bond
as the back elevations.
 Double Flemish bond
 Single Flemish bond  Half bats and three-quarter bats
will have to be used for walls
having a thickness equal to an odd
number of half bricks.

 This bond is given a better

appearance than the English bond.
But it is not so strong as the
English bond as it contains the
number of stretchers.
Brick Masonry
Bond/Joint In a single Flemish bond, the face elevation
is of flamish bond and the filling, as well as
Flemish Bond backing, is of the English bond. 
 Double Flemish bond
 Single Flemish bond
 In this type of bond, an attempt is made
to combine the strength of the English
bond with the appearance of the Flemish
bond.

 This type of bond is used when

expensive bricks are used for face work.

 A wall of minimum thickness of 1½’

bricks are required.
Brick Masonry

•Bricks are in uniform shape and size, hence they can be laid in
any definite pattern.
•They can easily handle due to light in weight and small in size.
•No dressing requires,
•The art of bricklaying is easy than stone masonry construction.
•Ornamental work can easily do with bricks
•Light partitions, filler walls can easily construct by brick.

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Brick Masonry
Type
Brick work in Mud
•The mud uses to fill up various joints brick masonry work.
•The thickness of mortar joint 12 mm
•It is the cheapest type of bricks masonry
•Employed for construction of a wall with a maximum height of 4
meters.

Brick masonry using mud 22

Brick Masonry
Type
Brick work in cement
• This type of brick masonry construction by laying of brick in
cement motor rather than mud which uses in work in the mud.
• They have four classwork in cement first-class brick, second
class brick, Third class brick, Forth class brick.

Brick masonry using cement 23

Stone
Masonry

24
Stone Masonry

Manual/mechanical stone breaking

Stone blasting

Stone quarrying
Stone for use
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Stone processing https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=64gCIYl_6IQ
Stone Masonry
Granite
• Igneous rock formed from magma deep within
the earth's crust.
• Composed of quartz and feldspar making it
extremely scratch, heat and chip resistant.
• Its low porosity makes it an excellent material
for both internal and external applications,
mainly suited to kitchen bench tops and
flooring.

Quartzite
• It has similar, if not stronger, physical-
mechanical features than granite.
• It is suitable for both internal and external
applications depending on the particular type 26
Stone Masonry
Limestone
• Limestone is a sedimentary rock composed
largely of calcite.
• Produced in a honed finish, as most are not
able to take a high polish due to its delicate
nature.
• Ivory, browns or greys in colour and has a low
to mid-range hardness.

Marble
• Metamorphic rock that forms when limestone
is subjected to the heat and pressure of
metamorphism.
• Soft and can be easily damaged, comprising
primarily of calcite and often containing other
minerals such as clay, micas, quartz, iron
oxides and graphite.
Stone Masonry
Slate
• Fine-grained, foliated, homogeneous

metamorphic rock derived from an original

shale-type sedimentary rock

• Composed of clay or volcanic ash through

low-grade regional metamorphism.

• Finest grained foliated metamorphic rock.

Stone Masonry
 Masonry means construction of buildings using building
blocks like stone, bricks, concrete blocks etc.
 Masonry is used for the
construction of foundation,
plinth, walls and columns.
 Mortar is the binding
material for the building
blocks.
Stone Masonry
(Famous structures)

Taj Mahal Kutub Minar

Gateway of India
Stone Masonry Types
 Based on the arrangement of the stone in the construction and surface
finish, the stone masonry can be classified broadly as:
Rubble masonry Ashlar Masonry
 Stones are either undress or  Accurately dressed stones in
roughly dress having wider. uniform and fine joints
 Ashlar fine
 Un-coursed
 Ashlar rough tooled
 Coursed
 Ashlar chamfered
 Dry
 Ashlar facing
 Polygonal
 Ashlar back in course
 Flint
Stone Masonry Types
Un-coursed rubble masonry
 This is the cheapest, roughest and poorest form of stone masonry.

 The Stones used in the type of masonry very much in their shape
and size and directly obtain from the quarry.

(a) Un-coursed random rubble (b) Coursed squared rubble

• The week comers and edges
remove with mason’s hammer.
• Bigger stone blocks employ at
quoins and jambs to increase the
strength of masonry.
 Squared rubble stone blocks
make roughly square with a
hammer.
 Facing stones give a hammer-
dressed finish.

 Large stones used as quoins. As

far as possible the use of chips
in bedding is avoid.
Stone Masonry Types
Coursed rubble masonry
 In this type of masonry stones having straight bed and sides are
used.
 The stones are usually squared and brought to hammer dressed
or straight cut finish.
 The work is carried out in courses of varying depth.
Stone Masonry Types
Dry rubble masonry
• In this type of masonry, mortar is not used
in the joints.
• This type of construction is the cheapest
and requires more skill in construction.
• This may be used for non-load bearing wall
such as compound walls
Polygonal rubble masonry
• In this type of rubble masonry, stones are
hammer dressed.
• The stones used for face work are dressed
in an irregular polygonal shape.
• Thus the face joints are seen running in an
irregular fashion in all directions.
Stone Masonry Types
Flint rubble masonry
• In this type of masonry used in the areas where the flint is
available in plenty.
• These are the irregularly shaped nodules of silica.
• These stones are brittle & therefore break easily.
• Strength of flint wall may be increased by introducing lacing
courses of either thin long stones or bricks at vertical interval.
Stone Masonry Types
Ashlar Fine Masonry
• Each stone is cut to uniform size and shape
with all sides rectangular, so that the stone
gives perfectly horizontal and vertical
joints with adjoining stones.
• This type of ashlar masonry is very costly.
Ashlar Rough Tooled Masonry
• In this type of masonry, the beds and
sides are finely chisel-dressed but
the face is made rough by means of
tools .
• A strip made by means of chisel is
provided around the perimeter of
the rough dressed face of each
stone.
Stone Masonry Types
Ashlar Rough Chamfered Masonry
• The beds and sides are finely chisel-
dressed but the face is made rough by
means of tools .
• A strip made by means of chisel is
provided around the perimeter of the
rough dressed face of each stone but is
chamfered at an angle of 45degrees.

Ashlar back in course masonry

 This is combination of rubble
masonry and ashlar masonry.
 The face work is provided with
rough tooled or hammer dress
stones wall and backing of may be
made in rubble masonry.
Stone Masonry Types
Joints in Stone Masonry
Stone are not easily binds together. Only using mortar can’t make the masonry
strong. So, joint helps to bind them together. 

Butt  or square joint

• As the the name of this joint, the
dress edge of the two adjacent stone
are place side by side.
• There are bind with the mortar. But
this joint won’t be much stronger

Rebated or lapped joint

• In this joint, the stone are rebate or
lap with each other.
• This types of joint are mostly
provide in arches, gables to prevent
the possible movement in stones.
Stone Masonry Types
Tongued and grooved or joggle joint
• As a name of this joint, one stone is
made by providing tongue and
corresponding groove on the adjacent
stone.
• This type of joint is provided to prevent
sliding along the side joints.
Tabled or bed joint
• Prevent lateral movement of stone.
• Such movement we can find in
seawalls where the lateral pressure
is heavy.
• This is made by forming a joggle in
the bed of stone.
Stone Masonry Types
Cramped joint
• In this joint, metal cramp is use to
bind the stone.

• First, the dovetail shape hole is made

in adjacent stone. And cramp is place
between them.

• Cramp should be non-corrosive

metal like gunmetal, copper etc.

Plugged joint
• This joint is alternative to cramped
joints. Here, dovetail shape plug hole is
made in the side of adjacent stone. And
then common space for plug is formed.
Stone Masonry Types
Dowelled joint
This joint is used to ensure stick the
adjacent stone against displacement or
sliding.
It is form by cutting rectangular hole in
each stone and inserting dowel of hard
stone, slate, gun metal, brass or copper.
Rusticated joint
This joint is used in those stone whose
edge are sunk below general level, such
as for plinth, outer wall of lower storey. It
gives massive appearance to structure.
There are various form of this joint.
Stone Masonry Types
Saddle joint
Such joint is used in cornices and other
weather surface, to divert the water
moving the surface away from joint

Slate Joint
In this type of joint, grooves are made on
the sides surface of the adjacent stones. A
piece of slate is placed in between the
corresponding groove of the adjacent
stones.
Uses of stone masonry

• Building foundation, walls piers, pillars, and architectural work

• Roofs and roof coverings

• Cladding works

• Dams, lighthouses, monumental structures.

• Paving jobs

• Railway, ballast, blackboards, and electrical switch building.

• Lintels, beams, beams arches, domes, etc