Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Pumping Apparatus Driver/Operator Handbook, 2 Edition
Pumping Apparatus Driver/Operator Handbook, 2 Edition
Pumping Apparatus Driver/Operator Handbook, 2 Edition
Driver/Operator — Lesson 15
(Continued)
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–5
Learning Objectives
(Continued)
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–6
Learning Objectives
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–11
Why Foam and Durable Agents
Have Increased in Use Recently
(Continued)
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–12
Why Foam and Durable Agents
Have Increased in Use Recently
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–13
Foam Terms
(Continued)
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–14
Foam Terms
(Continued)
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–16
Principles of Foam
(Continued)
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–17
Principles of Foam
(Continued)
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–18
Principles of Foam
• Class B fuels
– Hydrocarbons — Petroleum based and float on
water; Class B foam is effective as an
extinguishing agent.
Examples: Crude oil, fuel oil, gasoline, benzene,
naphtha, jet fuel, and kerosene
(Continued)
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–19
Principles of Foam
• Class B fuels
– Polar solvents — Flammable liquids that mix with
water; foam can be effective, but only in special
alcohol-resistant formulations
Examples: Alcohol, acetone, lacquer thinner,
ketones, and esters
(Continued)
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–20
Principles of Foam
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–22
How Foam Extinguishes
and/or Prevents Fire
(Continued)
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–23
How Foam Extinguishes
and/or Prevents Fire
(Continued)
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–24
How Foam Extinguishes
and/or Prevents Fire
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–25
Foam Proportioning
(Continued)
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–27
Foam Proportioning
(Continued)
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–29
Foam Proportioning
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–30
Methods by Which Foam
May be Proportioned
• Induction
• Injection
• Batch mixing
• Premixing
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–31
Induction
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–33
Injection
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–34
Batch Mixing
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–37
Pails
• May be carried
directly to the
emergency scene or
may need to be
transferred to pails
or apparatus tanks
for transport to the
point of application
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–41
Totes
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–42
Apparatus Tanks
(Continued)
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–43
Apparatus Tanks
(Continued)
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–45
Apparatus Tanks
• Must be airtight
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–46
Class A Foam
(Continued)
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–48
Class A Foam
(Continued)
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–49
Class A Foam
(Continued)
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–50
Class A Foam
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–51
Proportioning Class A Foams
(Continued)
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–52
Proportioning Class A Foams
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–53
Performing Various
Applications with Class A Foams
(Continued)
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–54
Performing Various
Applications with Class A Foams
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–55
Application of Class A Foam
• Vertical surfaces
– Dry foam is a rigid coat that adheres well.
Its slow drainage rate allows it to cling to
surfaces for extended periods.
(Continued)
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–56
Application of Class A Foam
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–57
Class B Foam
(Continued)
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–59
Class B Foam
• Protein-based foams
– Are derived from animal protein
– Have a shelf life of about 10 years
– Are generally safer for the environment
• Synthetic-based foams
– Are made from fluorosurfactants
– Have a shelf life of 20 to 25 years
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–60
Proportioning Class B Foam
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–62
Foam Expansion
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–63
Rate of Application
for Class B Foam
• Depends on
– Type of foam concentrate used
– Whether or not the fuel is on fire
– Type of fuel (hydrocarbon/polar solvent)
involved
– Whether the fuel is spilled or in a tank; if
the fuel is in a tank, the type of tank will
have a bearing on the application rate.
(Continued)
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–64
Rate of Application
for Class B Foam
(Continued)
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–65
Rate of Application
for Class B Foam
(Continued)
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–66
Rate of Application
for Class B Foam
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–67
Determining the Application
Rate from a Nozzle
(Continued)
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–69
Regular Protein Foams
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–70
Fluoroprotein Foam
(Continued)
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–71
Fluoroprotein Foam
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–72
Film Forming
Fluoroprotein Foam (FFFP)
• Is completely synthetic
(Continued)
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–74
Aqueous Film
Forming Foam (AFFF)
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–76
Alcohol-Resistant AFFF
(Continued)
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–80
High-Expansion Foams
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–81
Foam Proportioning Devices
(Continued)
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–82
Foam Proportioning Devices
(Continued)
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–84
In-Line Foam Eductors
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–85
Venturi Principle
(Continued)
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–86
Venturi Principle
• Atmospheric
pressure forces
foam concentrate
into a pickup tube
and into the water
stream, creating a
foam/water solution.
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–87
Operating Rules to Observe
When Using Eductors
(Continued)
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–88
Operating Rules to Observe
When Using Eductors
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–91
Foam Nozzle Eductors
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–93
Self-Educting Master
Stream Foam Nozzles
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–95
Jet Ratio Controller (JRC)
(Continued)
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–96
Jet Ratio Controller (JRC)
(Continued)
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–97
Jet Ratio Controller (JRC)
(Continued)
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–98
Jet Ratio Controller (JRC)
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–99
Installed In-Line Eductor Systems
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–102
Around-the-Pump Proportioners
(Continued)
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–103
Around-the-Pump Proportioners
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–104
Disadvantages of Around-the-
Pump Proportioners
(Continued)
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–105
Disadvantages of Around-the-
Pump Proportioners
(Continued)
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–106
Disadvantages of Around-the-
Pump Proportioners
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–107
Bypass-Type Balanced
Pressure Proportioners
(Continued)
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–108
Bypass-Type Balanced
Pressure Proportioners
(Continued)
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–109
Bypass-Type Balanced
Pressure Proportioners
• Advantages
– Its ability to monitor the demand for foam
concentrate and to adjust the amount of
concentrate supplied.
– Its ability to discharge foam from some
outlets and plain water from others at the
same time.
(Continued)
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–110
Bypass-Type Balanced
Pressure Proportioners
(Continued)
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–111
Bypass-Type Balanced
Pressure Proportioners
(Continued)
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–112
Bypass-Type Balanced
Pressure Proportioners
(Continued)
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–113
Bypass-Type Balanced
Pressure Proportioners
• Limitations
– Its need for a foam pump with PTO or other
power source
– Bypass of concentrate in this system can
cause heating, turbulence, and foam
concentrate aeration
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–115
Variable-Flow Variable-Rate
Direct Injection Systems
(Continued)
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–116
Variable-Flow Variable-Rate
Direct Injection Systems
(Continued)
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–117
Variable-Flow Variable-Rate
Direct Injection Systems
(Continued)
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–118
Variable-Flow Variable-Rate
Direct Injection Systems
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–119
Advantages of Variable-Flow Variable-
Rate Direct Injection Systems
(Continued)
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–120
Advantages of Variable-Flow Variable-
Rate Direct Injection Systems
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–121
Disadvantage of Variable-Flow
Variable-Rate Direct Injection Systems
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–122
Variable-Flow Demand-Type
Balanced Pressure Proportioners
(Continued)
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–123
Variable-Flow Demand-Type
Balanced Pressure Proportioners
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–124
Advantages of Variable-Flow Demand-
Type Balanced Pressure Proportioners
(Continued)
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–125
Advantages of Variable-Flow Demand-
Type Balanced Pressure Proportioners
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–126
Limitation of Variable-Flow Demand-
Type Balanced Pressure Proportioners
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–127
Batch-Mixing
(Continued)
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–128
Batch-Mixing
(Continued)
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–129
Batch-Mixing
(Continued)
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–131
Batch-Mixing
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–132
Disadvantages of Batch-Mixing
(Continued)
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–133
Disadvantages of Batch-Mixing
(Continued)
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–134
Disadvantages of Batch-Mixing
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–135
History of Compressed-Air
Foam Systems (CAFS)
(Continued)
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–136
History of Compressed-Air
Foam Systems (CAFS)
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–137
Advantages of CAFS
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–139
Disadvantages of CAFS
(Continued)
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–140
Disadvantages of CAFS
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–141
Characteristics of CAFS
(Continued)
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–142
Characteristics of CAFS
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–145
Portable Foam
Application Devices
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–146
Handline Nozzles
• Fog nozzles
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–148
Fog Nozzles
(Continued)
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–149
Fog Nozzles
(Continued)
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–150
Fog Nozzles
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–151
Air-Aspirating Foam Nozzles
(Continued)
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–152
Air-Aspirating Foam Nozzles
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–153
Master Stream Foam Nozzles
• Large-scale flammable
and combustible liquid
fires are beyond the
capabilities of
handlines. Master
stream nozzles are
required to deliver
adequate amounts of
foam in these
situations. (Continued)
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–154
Master Stream Foam Nozzles
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–155
Medium- and High-Expansion
Foam Generating Devices
• Water-aspirating type
• Typically produces a
lower-air-volume foam
than do mechanical
blower generators
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–158
Mechanical Blower Type
(Continued)
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–159
Mechanical Blower Type
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–160
Reasons for Failure to Generate Foam
or for Generating Poor Quality Foam
(Continued)
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–161
Reasons for Failure to Generate Foam
or for Generating Poor Quality Foam
• Kinked hose
(Continued)
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–162
Reasons for Failure to Generate Foam
or for Generating Poor Quality Foam
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–163
Various Foam
Application Techniques
• Direct-application method
– Finished Class A foam in applied directly
onto the material that is burning.
(Continued)
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–164
Various Foam
Application Techniques
• Roll-on method
– Directs Class B foam stream on the ground
near the front edge of a burning liquid pool
or spill. The foam then rolls across the
surface of the fuel. Foam application
continues until it spreads across the entire
surface of the fuel and the fire is
extinguished or the vapors suppressed.
(Continued)
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–165
Various Foam
Application Techniques
• Roll-on method
(Continued)
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–166
Various Foam
Application Techniques
• Bank-down method
– Class B foam
stream is directed
onto a vertical
surface, allowing
foam to run down
onto and spread
across surface of
the fuel.
(Continued)
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–167
Various Foam
Application Techniques
• Rain-down method
– Directs stream of
Class B foam into
the air above fire
and allows foam
to gently rain
down onto
surface of fuel.
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–168
Environmental Impact of Class A and
Class B Foam Concentrates and Solutions
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–170
Environmental Impact
of AFFF Concentrate
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–171
Durable Agents
(Continued)
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–172
Durable Agents
(Continued)
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–173
Durable Agents
(Continued)
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–174
Durable Agents
(Continued)
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–175
Durable Agents
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–177
Summary
(Continued)
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–178
Summary
(Continued)
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–179
Summary
(Continued)
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–180
Summary
(Continued)
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–181
Summary
Pumping Apparatus
Driver/Operator
15–182
Discussion Questions