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COMPUTER ETHICS
AND
THE ONLINE WORLD
Salazar, Kyle Kjell C.
 MOTIVATION: ETHICAL WORD
COOKIES
CSHETI C R V P IAY AA D T

PO E RT PYR LAM I R C N I BRYCE

LAG T I D I M PAG L S R I IA LLBIE

NIOLEN
INTRODUCTION TO
ETHICS AND
MORALITY
 ETHICS V.S. MORALITY
• ETHICS
• set of beliefs considered right and wrong within a society (Reynolds, G., 2010).

• MORALITY
• individual views on what is right and wrong (Reynolds, G., 2010).
• influenced by certain factors (education, age, gender, religion).

• LAW
• System of rules on what we can and cannot do (Reynolds, G., 2010).
 ETHICS V.S. MORALITY
ANALYSIS
Briefly explain the ethicality and morality of the ff:

> A lawyer’s view on defending a client who is a murderer.

> A doctor’s view on nursing back a terrorist to health.

> A teacher’s view on teaching religion to atheist students.

Source: http://www.diffen.com/difference/Ethics_vs_Morals
 ETHICS ON BUSINESS
• Businesses are growing more and more sensitive to making ethical decisions due to the risks
associated with unethical ones.

• Example:
• China (2006) – Work on the Haxin chip – technology which could be used for multimedia files
and fingerprint verification – was stopped and Chen Jin, its designer, got fired from being the dean
of microelectronics due to the work being allegedly owned by a former Motorola subsidiary,
Freescale Semiconductors (Toy, M., 2006).

• Dell (2006-2007) – Ratings dropped by 5% due to numerous complaints on being unable to

provide ample technical support in terms of long waits on calls and frequent transfers (Reynolds,
G., 2010).
 ETHICAL DECISION MAKING
Four common approaches to decision making:

• Virtue Ethics Approach – tendency to commit the most convenient action or follow an admired
person’s approach (Reynolds, G., 2010).

• Utilitarian Approach – making a decision based on the common point of all interests.

• Fairness Approach – fair opportunities are given to all parties regardless of differences.

• Common Good Approach – making decisions based on its overall impact to the community.
 QUESTIONS
Briefly differentiate ethics and morality.

Provide two (2) common approaches to ethical decision making and briefly explain each.
INTRODUCTION
TO COMPUTER
ETHICS AND ITS
IMPORTANCE
 COMPUTER ETHICS

• Refers to the ethical use, development, and handling of information technology (Brey, P.,
2007)

• Covers setting of policies with regards to regulation of information technology in the society
as well (Brey, P., 2007).
 IMPORTANCE OF COMPUTER
ETHICS
• It involves the well-being of millions of people with regards to the digital information stored
on the Internet and computers.

• Mishandling of technology and the information associated with it could result to a wide
scale threat to the public’s data privacy and could lead to mass paranoia.

• Financial losses could also be a result of misuse of technologies which can trigger economic
issues.
 QUESTIONS
• Provide at least one (1) additional importance of computer ethics. (+2 pts.)

• Provide at least one (1) example of an ethical issue the world is facing nowadays with
regards to the misuse of information technology.
 COMMON ETHICAL ISSUES / CYBER CRIMES
ASSOCIATED WITH I.T. AND ONLINE SITES
• SOFTWARE PIRACY
• Acquiring / Redistribution of licensed software through illegal means.

• DIGITAL PLAGIARISM
• Duplication of one’s work published on the internet without the author’s consent or proper
referencing.

• HACKING
• Act of unauthorized access to devices
 CONT.
• HARASSMENT, HATE SPEECH, CYBERBULLYING
• Usage of technology to harm other people through harsh words.

• ONLINE LIBEL
• Usage of technology to degrade another person and cause potential harm.

• PHISHING
• Act of deceiving internet users into submitting their account credentials for personal gain.

• HACKTIVISM / CYBERTERRORISM
• Usage of technology to conduct acts related to achieving a political or societal goal (Reynolds, G., 2010).
• Usage of technology to instill fear into the public and force the government to comply with the demands of the
cyberterrorists.
 QUESTION(S)

• Briefly discuss computer ethics and its importance.

• Can hacking be considered ethical? Explain your answer.

 ETHICAL ISSUES ON ONLINE SOCIAL
NETWORKS AND OTHER SITES
Social Networks
• Projecting existing real world social connections into the virtual / online world (Turculeţ, M.,
2014).

Issues on online sites are primarily divided into three, namely:

• Privacy
• Anonymity
• Trust
 ETHICAL ISSUES ON ONLINE SOCIAL
NETWORKS AND OTHER SITES: PRIVACY
Privacy
• One’s right to determine when to and when not to disclose personal information.

Major Issues on Online Sites affecting Privacy:

• Monitoring of online users’ activities wherein information regarding them is gathered and
analyzed (Turculet, M., 2014).
• Nowadays, activities of online users are commonly recorded and stored in logs for easier tracking
when the need arises. However, misuse of this process could result to unfavorable effects for the user.
• An example of this would be to that of Facebook wherein they have a feature called ‘Activity Logs’
which you could use to track an account’s activities including likes, comments, shares, etc.
 CONT.
• Collection of the users’ data done by government or private institutions (Turculet, M., 2014).
• With the presence of search engines and online social networks, information retrieval has been easier
and with this, collection of information about users’ interests came as well.
• An example of this would be with Google, Google saves all your searches and constructs an ad profile
based on your searches to provide you advertisements that fit your ‘personality’ based on your said
profile.
• It affects the users’ privacy in the sense that, users with less knowledge on the internet are not aware of
what data gather institutions do and information about them are at times saved without their consent.
 SOLUTIONS FOR ETHICAL ISSUES
CONCERNING PRIVACY
• Making the public well-informed of the choices they can make which protect their interests
(Turculet, M., 2014).
• This can be done in order to let the users know what they can do to adjust what online sites can
and cannot do on their personal information (ex. Setting of security settings on Facebook,
Google, etc.).

• Allow the users to view third party applications’ activities through the use of software
(Turculet, M., 2014).
• With the use of this solution, users can be aware of what information are being gathered about
them even with those of lesser knowledge about the internet.
 CONT.
• Promotion of Anonymity (Turculet, M., 2014).
• Through anonymity, the users’ personal data are secured, however, the actions done by the users
might not be traced easily with this.
 ETHICAL ISSUES ON ONLINE SOCIAL
NETWORKS AND OTHER ONLINE SITES:
ANONYMITY AND TRUST
Anonymity
• Refers to being anonymous disclosing little to no personal information to others.

Major Issues on Online Sites concerning Anonymity and Trust:

• With the absence of physical connections between users, trust is not easily built as compared to
that of real world social relationships (Turculet, M., 2014).
• It might be that a user’s personal information indicated on a social network site is not real and could
affect him when it comes to building trust with other users.
 CONT.
• Deception on the online community could become rampant in order to protect personal
information which would make building trust even more difficult (Turculet, M., 2014).
 SOLUTIONS FOR ETHICAL ISSUES
CONCERNING PRIVACY
• The use and implementation of a “review” system for websites (Turculet, M., 2014).
• With the use of the “review” system, users can log in on a website and leave positive, negative,
or neutral feedback regarding other users (Turculet, M., 2014). Just like with that of online
shopping sites, users can comment on sellers’ accounts to either voice out their opinions on the
sellers’ merchandise or recommend it to others.

• Deception could also be used to build trust (Turculet, M., 2014).

• This can be achieved through considering the online world as the real world. With minimal
adjustments of our ‘profile’ in the online community, we could start building trust by portraying
someone who is like our own selves but with a few additionals (Turculet, M., 2014).
 DISCUSSION: LOCAL ETHICAL
ISSUES
• Hacking done on COMELEC’s website (Mar. 27, 2016)
• As said by the hackers, the hacking was done to urge the COMELEC to implement security features on the
PCOS machines (Crisostomo, S., 2016).
• The hackers made the downloaded database available for the public and compromised the security of each
individual registered to COMELEC (Crisostomo, S., 2016).
• Thoughts?

• BDO ATMs skimming issues (Jun 21, 2017)

• Seven ATMs were confirmed by BDO Unibank as compromised by skimming hacks (ABS-CBN News,
2017).
• Skimming devices used enabled the perpetrators to get the consumers’ card details as well as the PIN
assigned to the cards.
• Thoughts?
 CONT.
• BPO Senior Manager charged with online libel
• The plaintiff filed an online libel case against a co-worker who posted two photos of the
complainant captioned with “I’d do anything for money.” and “revenge is sweet and not
fattening. Perhaps, someone we know should have limited their diet to revenge rather than
feasting on the fat of other people’s labor.” (Dalipe, J., 2016).

• Thoughts?
 REFERENCES
• ABS-CBN News. (2017, June 21). Retrieved from http://news.abs-cbn.com/business/06/21/17/7-bdo-atms-
compromised-in-skimming-official
• Brey, P. (2007). Computer Ethics in (Higher) Education. Retrieved from
https://www.utwente.nl/en/bms/wijsb/staff/brey/Publicaties_Brey/Brey_2007_Higher-Education.pdf
• Crisostomo, S. (2016, March 19). Comelec Website Hacked. Retrieved from
http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2016/03/29/1567196/comelec-website-hacked
• Dalipe, J. (2016, October 24). Retrieved from http://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/local-news/2016/10/25/bpo-
senior-manager-faces-online-libel-case-505555
• Reynolds, G. (2010). Principles Of Ethics In Information Technology (Philippine Edition).
• Turculet, M. (2014). Ethical Issues Concerning Online Social Networks. Retrieved from
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877042814050307
• Toy, M. (2006, May 16). Retrieved from http://www.theage.com.au/news/world/chinese-hightech-hero-a-
fake/2006/05/15/1147545263329.html