Gas exchange

and smoking
Anggraeni Kusuma
2 Learning Outcomes

▹ Describe the structure of the human gas exchange system.

▹ Describe and explain the distribution of tissues and cells within the gas
exchange system.
▹ Describe the functions of these tissues and cells.
▹ Explain how gases are exchanged in the lungs.
▹ Explain how tobacco smoke effects the gas exchange system.
▹ Describe the effects nicotine and carbon monoxide on the cardiovascular
system.
3 Endoscope
 The surgeon is using an
endoscope to examine the
airways looking for any
blockages or for possible
signs of lung cancer.
4 Gas Exchange

▹ Clean and warm the air that enters during

breathing.
▹ Maximise the surface are for dissusion of
oxygen and carbon dioxide between the
blood and atmosphere.
▹ Minimise the distance for this diffusion.
▹ Maintain adequate gradients for this
diffusion.
5
6 LUNGS

The lungs are in the thoraric

(chest) cavity surrounded by the
pleural membranes, which
enclose an airright space.
In humans, the gas exchange
surface is the alveoli in the lungs.
 Trachea, bronchi and bronchioles
7 The lungs are ventilated with air that passes through a
branching system or airways. Leading from the throat to
the lungs is the trachea. At the base of the trachea are
two bronchi. Each bronchus divides many times to form
smaller bronchioles.

Cartillage in the trachea and bronchi keeps these airways

open and air resistence low, and prevents them from
collapsing or burting as the air pressure changes during
breathing.

Bronchioles are surrounded by smooth muscle, which

can contract or relax to adjust the diameter of these tiny
airways.
 Warming and cleaning the
air

8  As air flows through the nose and the trachea, it is warmed to body
temperature and moistened by evaporation from the lining, so
protecting the delicate surfaces inside the lungs from desiccation.
 Protection is also needed against the suspended matter carried in the air,
which may include dust, sand, pollen, fungal spores, bacteria and
viruses. (mucus and goblet cells)

How do our bodies remove foreign particles from the airways?

 Phagocytic white blood cells known as macrophages patrol the surfaces

of the airways scavenging small particles such as bacteria and fine dust
particles.
 By sneezing, when mucus reaches the top of the trachea it is unusually
swallowed so that pathogens are destroyed by the acid in the stomach.
 9

WANT BIG
IMPACT?
USE BIG
IMAGE.
10 ALVEOLI
 At the end of the pathway between the
atmosphere and the bloodstream are
the alveoli.
 Alveolar walls contain elastic fibres,
which stretch during inspiration and
recoil during expiration to help force out
air.
 The alveoli have extremely thin
walls, each consisting of a single layer
of squamous epithelial cells no more0,5
nm thick. Oxygen and carbon dioxide
molecules diffuse quickly between the
air and the blood because the distance
is very small.
11 SMOKING

The world Health Organization (WHO) considers smoking to be a

disease. Until the end of the 19th century, tobacco was smoked
almost exclusively by men and in pipes and cigars, involving little
inhalation. The the manufacture of cigarettes began. Smoking
cigarettes became fashionable for European men during the First
Woeld War and in the 1940s women started smoking in large
numbers too.
The smoking of a flavoured tobacco called shisha has become
fashionable amoung young people across the world, with many
thingking that as it is smoked through a water pipe it is safer than
smoking cigarretes.
 TOBACCO SMOKE

12 The tobacco companies do not declare the ingredients in their

products, but it is known by analysis that there are over 4000
different chemicals in cigeratte smoke, many of which are toxic.
When a person smokes, abaout 85% of the smoke that is
released is sidestream smoke. Breathing in someone else’s
cigarrete smoke is called passive smoking.
The main components of cigarrete smoke pose a threat to human
health. These are:
- tar, which contains carcinogens (cancer-causing compounds).
- Carbon monoxide
- nicotine
13
Breakout room
• You will be divided into some groups in the
breakoutroom.
• You will discuss about a disease related to
the respiratory system (name of disease,
symptoms, causes, how to treat).
• Provide pictures or videos, also link to
technological developments to overcome
the disease.
 Discussions and
14 Presentations
▹ I will divide according to the group at the last meeting.
▹ I will take a quiz question from the results of your presentation.
▹ For discussion time I give 45 minutes.
▹ For the presentation, each group will get 7 minutes along with
questions and answers.
▹ Each group will send a presentation file to me then I will upload it in
Google Classroom.
▹ Each group must give at least one question for the group presenting.
 The Top 8 Respiratory Illnesses and Diseases
15
▹ Asthma
▹ Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary
Disease (COPD)
▹ Chronic Bronchitis
▹ Emphysema
▹ Lung Cancer
▹ Cystic Fibrosis/Bronchiectasis
▹ Pneumonia
▹ Pleural Effusion
 Lung
16 Cancer
▹ Tar in tobacco smoke contains several substances that
are carniogens. These react, directly or via breakdown
products, with DNA in epithelial cells to produce
mutations, which are the first in an series in changes
that lead to the development of a mass of cells, known
as a tumour.
▹ Cells may break away and spread to the other organs
(metastasis).
▹ Tumours in the lungs, such as in the picture are located
by one of three methods:
- Bronchscopy
- Chest X-ray
- CT scan
 Chronic
17 bronchitis
▹ Tar in cigarette smoke stimulates goblet cells
and mucous glands to enlarge and secrete more
mucus. Tar also inhibits the cleaning action of
the ciliated epithelium that lines the airways. It
destroys many cilia an weakens the sweeping
action of those that remain.
▹ Infections such as pneumonia easily develop in
the accumulated mucus.
18 Emphysema
▹ The inflammation of the constantly infected lungs
causes phagocytes to leave the blood and line the
airways.
▹ To reach the lining of the lungs from the capillaries,
phagocytes release the protein digesting enzyme
elastase. This enzyme destroys elastin in the walls of
the alveoli, so making pathway for the phagocytes to
reach the surface and remove bacteria.
 Short-term effects on the
19 cardiovascular system
▹ Nicotine
It is absorbed very readily by the blood and travels to the brain
within a few seconds. It stimulates the nervous system to reduce the
diameter of the arterioles and to release the hormone adrenaline
from the adrenal glands. Heart rate and blood pressure increase and
there is a decrease in blood supply, nicotine also increases the risk
of blood clotting.
▹ Carbon monoxide
It diffuses into red blood cells where it combines with haemoglobin
to form the stable compound carbonxyhaemoglobin. Carbon
monoxide may also damage the lining of the arteries. Damage to the
walls of arteries may lead to the build-up of fatty tissue and the
reduction of blood flow. Coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke
may be the result.
 Chronic (Long term)
obstructive pulmonary
20 diseases (COPD)

▹ COPD such as asthma, chronic bronchitis and

emphysema are now common in many
countries. Atmospheric pollution from vehicle
and industrial emmisions and tobacco smoke are
linked with these disease.