Biology Presentation on

Nutrition

Submitted by – Aarushi Patidar X-C, Roll No. 4

Aakash Wadhwani X-C, Roll No. 1
Aanya Agrawal X-C, Roll No. 2
Aaryaman Goyal X-C, Roll No. 5
 Introduction To Nutrition
 Nutrition is derived from word nutrient a nutrient can be
defined as a substance which an organism obtain from its
surroundings and uses it as a source of energy or for the
biosynthesis of its body constituents
Nutrition is a process of intake of nutrients by an organism
as well as the utilization of these nutrients by organisms.

-Aaryaman
Modes Of Nutrition
Modes of nutrition means methods of procuring food or
obtaining food by an organism.
 Depending on mode of obtaining food all organisms can
be classified into 2 types -
Autotrophic Mode Of Nutrition
The word auto means self and trophe means nutrition thus
autotrophic means self nutrition,
Autotrophic nutrition is that mode of nutrition in which an
organisms makes its own food from the simple inorganic
materials like carbon dioxide and water present in
surroundings with the help of sunlight energy .
Green plants have an autotrophic mode of nutrition. They
obtain there food with help of process called
photosynthesis.
Events Occurring In Photosynthesis

Absorption of light energy by chlorophyll.

Conversion of light energy to chemical energy and splitting
of water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen.
Reduction of carbon dioxide in to carbohydrates.

These events need not occur immediately after each other.

For example , desert plants take up carbon dioxide at night
and prepare intermediate which is acted upon by the energy
absorbed by chlorophyll during the day.
 Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants use
sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to create oxygen and
energy in the form of sugar.

During photosynthesis, plants take in carbon dioxide

(CO2) and water (H2O) from the air and soil. Within the
plant cell, the water is oxidized, meaning it loses electrons,
while the carbon dioxide is reduced, meaning it gains
electrons. This transforms the water into oxygen and the
carbon dioxide into glucose. The plant then releases the
oxygen back into the air, and stores energy within the
glucose molecules.
-Aakash
Light Reaction And Dark Reaction

Photosynthesis comprises two phases:

The first phase is the photochemical phase or light-
dependent process. This phase is commonly known as the
light reaction.
The second phase is the biosynthetic phase of the dark
reaction of photosynthesis. This phase is the light-
independent process.
The whole process of photosynthesis takes place within the
chloroplast.
Light Reaction
The light reaction is a light-dependent process which includes a series of
events such as light absorption, hydrolysis, the release of oxygen, formation
of ATP and NADPH.

The light reaction of photosynthesis initiates only when it is supplied with

light energy.
The photosystem is the arrangement of pigments, including chlorophyll
within thylakoids.

The light reaction occurs in the thylakoids of the chloroplast. When the light
hits, chlorophyll a get excited to higher energy state followed by a series of
reactions. This energy is converted into energy molecules ATP and NADPH by
using PS I and PS II.  Also, hydrolysis occurs and releases oxygen.
Dark Reaction
Dark reaction is also called carbon-fixing reaction. It is a light-
independent process in which sugar molecules are formed
from the carbon dioxide and water molecules.
The dark reaction occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast,
where they utilize the products of the light reaction.

Plants capture the carbon dioxide from the atmosphere

through stomata and proceed to the Calvin Cycle.
In the Calvin cycle, the ATP and NADPH formed during light
reaction drives the reaction and convert six molecules of
carbon dioxide into ONE SUGAR MOLECULE, I.E. GLUCOSE.
Difference between Light and Dark Reaction
Structure of leaf-
Epidermis: It is the outermost layer of the leaf and is present in the lower and upper
surfaces. The upper epidermis contains parenchymatous cells, stomata, and
chloroplast. The maximum amount of stomata are present at the lower epidermis. A
waxy substance is released by the layer known as the cuticle.

Mesophyll cells: It is the middle layer that is made up of two types of cells: palisade
and spongy parenchyma. The palisade cells contain chloroplasts and are active in
photosynthesis while spongy cells are oval in shape and are arranged irregularly
with air spaces.
Vascular Bundles: These are present in scatter form in spongy parenchyma and can
be seen in veins and midribs of leaves.

Leaves are the structure that is responsible for photosynthesis, a process that helps
in the production of food and to maintain the level of oxygen in the environment.
They also maintain the water level as the presence of stomata keeps a check on the  .
rate of transpiration. In many plants, they get a modification for different  to
purposes like in desert plants they convert into thorns prevent water loss.
How plants obtain carbon dioxide
On the surface of the leaves of the plants there are a large number of tiny
pores known as stomata or stoma. For photosynthesis green plants take
carbon dioxide from the air.

The carbon dioxide enters the leaves of the plant through the stomata
present on their surface. Each stomatal pore is surrounded by a pair of
guard cells. The opening and closing of the pores of stomata is controlled
by the guard cells only.

When water flows into the guard cells, they swell, become curved and cause
the pore to open. On the other hand, the guard cells lose water; they
shrink, become straight and close the stomatal pore.

A large amount of water is also lost from the cells of the plant leaves
through open stomatal pores. So, when the plant does not need carbon
dioxide and wants to conserve water, the stomatal pores are closed.
Nitrogen fixation-

Water used in photosynthesis  is taken up from the soil by the

roots of the terrestrial plants other material like nitrogen
phosphorus iron magnesium are taken up from the soil .
Nitrogen is an essential element used in the synthesis of proteins
and other compounds.
This taken up in form of inorganic nitrates or nitrites. Or it is
taken up as organic compound which have been prepared by
bacteria from atmospheric nitrogen
HETEROTROPHIC NUTRITION
Heterotrophic nutrition is known to be the mode of nutrition
in which certain organisms are dependent on other organisms
in order to survive. Organisms that cannot prepare their own
food and have to depend on other organisms are known as
heterotrophs.
Organisms that are heterotrophic have to acquire and
consume organic substances they come across. All non-green
plants and animals are heterotrophic in nature and depend on
autotrophs for food.
Common examples of heterotrophs include animals, fungi
and bacteria.
-Aanya
Types of Heterotrophic Nutrition

Organisms have various kinds of heterotrophic nutrition

which can be classified into the following:

Holozoic Nutrition- This is a kind of heterotrophic

nutrition where organisms intake solid food; a method that
is also called ingestive nutrition. The food consumed may
be either another organism or a plant. There are three
different types of holozoic organisms and are classified on
the basis of the food they consume. They are- carnivores,
herbivores and omnivores.
Saprophytic Nutrition- This is a kind of heterotrophic
nutrition where organisms obtain their food sources from
remains of decaying organic substances, including dead
organisms, decomposed leaves and plant remains, excreta,
food articles and more.

Parasitic Nutrition- This is the third kind of

heterotrophic nutrition where an organism derives its food
from another living organism. The organism that derives its
food and shelter from the other organism is known as a
parasite, while the organism that lends food and shelter is
known as a host.
Nutrition In Amoeba
Nutrition in an Amoeba occurs through a process called
phagocytoses where the entire organism pretty much
engulfs the food it plans on eating up. The mode of
nutrition in amoeba is known as holozoic nutrition. It
involves the ingestion, digestion and egestion of food
material.
Amoeba does not have any specialized organ for nutrition.
Its entire process is carried through the body surface with
the help of pseudopodia.
Nutrition in Paramoecium
Paramoecium is a unicellular aquatic organism.
The Paramoecium has thin, hair like cilia all over its body.
The cilia move back and forth rapidly in water.
When the cilia is present around, the mouth region of
Paramoecium move, back and forth. They sweep the food
particles present in water into the mouth of Paramoecium.
This is the first step in the nutrition of Paramoecium which
is called ingestion and is followed by digestion, absorption,
assimilation and egestion.
Nutrition In Human Beings
Nutrition in human beings takes
place in the digestive system. It
consists of the alimentary canal and
glands which produce enzymes
which breaks down food into
smaller molecules.
The main organs of the digestive
system are mouth, oesophagus,
stomach, small intestine, large
intestine, and anus. The main
glands are salivary glands, gastric
glands, liver, pancreas and intestinal
glands.

-Aarushi
Digestion of Food in Humans:
1.Digestion begins when food enters the mouth (oral cavity). Teeth are used to
grind and break up food. This is called physical or mechanical digestion
2. An enzyme in saliva called salivary amylase begins to break down starch
into maltose. Such processes are called chemical digestion. 
3. After it is swallowed, the chewed food moves down the esophagus. The
esophagus acts as a connection between the mouth and the stomach. The
contraction and expansion movement which pushes the food further in our
digestive tract (or alimentary canal) is known as Peristaltic movements.
4. The bolus (the chewed food coming from the mouth) then reaches the
stomach, where mechanical and chemical digestion takes place further. The
muscles in the stomach walls churn the bolus allowing it to mix with digestive
enzymes and gastric acids like HCl. This process converts the bolus into a liquid
called chyme. Mucus lubricates food and protects the inner lining of the
stomach from harmful actions of HCL.
The digestion in the stomach continues for several hours. During this process,
HCL kills bacteria and germs and also provides a medium for activating
pepsinogen into pepsin and prorennin into rennin (a milk digesting enzyme).
An enzyme called pepsin breaks down protein into peptides.
The chyme is then transported into the small intestine.
5.The small intestine is the site of complete digestion of protein,
carbohydrates and fats.
6. Liver produces bile juice which is stored in the gall bladder and
then released into the duodenum. Bile juice provides an alkaline
medium for intestinal enzymes and emulsifies fats i.e. breaks down
fats into smaller globules
7. Pancreatic juice secreted by pancreas contains the enzymes
trypsin, lipase and pancreatic amylase. Trypsin breaks down leftover
proteins into peptides, lipase breaks down the emulsified fats into
fatty acids and glycerol and pancreatic amylase breaks down leftover
starch into maltose.
8. The glands in the walls of the small intestine produces intestinal
enzymes. The enzymes of the intestinal juice coverts maltose into
glucose, leftover fats into fatty acids and glycerol and peptides into
amino acids.
9.The walls of the small intestine has several finger like
projections called villi having blood vessels. It helps to increase
the surface area for the absorption of digested food. The digested
food is absorbed by the blood and transported to all cells in the
body. Then the undigested food passes  into the large intestine.
By the time the chyme exits the small intestine, only water, and
indigestible substances are left behind.

10. The chyme then enters the large intestine, where water is

removed and bacterias break down some indigestible
materials, producing important compounds (such as vitamin K).
The concentrated waste material that remains is called faeces,
which is passed into the rectum and eliminated from the body
through the anus.
ABSORPTION
 The process by which digested food molecules are absorbed into the
bloodstream and transported to different parts of the body is known as
absorption. Absorption of food begins with the small intestine. The
digested food molecules pass through the walls of the small intestine
and then into the bloodstream.

EGESTION
 Egestion is the process of removal of undigested food materials left
behind once the process of a absorption is complete. The matter stored
in the last part of the large intestine passes through the rectum and
leaves the body through anus. Opening and closing of the anus is
controlled through the anal sphincter.

-Aanya
DENTAL CARIES

Dental caries or tooth decay causes gradual softening of

enamel and dentine. It begins when bacteria acting on
sugars produce acids that softens or demineralises the
enamel. Masses of bacterial cells together with food
particles stick to the teeth to form dental plaque.

Saliva cannot reach the tooth surface to neutralise the acid

as plaque covers the teeth. Brushing the teeth after eating
removes the plaque before the bacteria produce acids. If
untreated, microorganisms may invade the pulp, causing
inflammation and infection