MEWAR INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT

Sector -4C , Vasundhara, Ghaziabad

B.Sc. (Maths ) -1st year
Session – 2021-22
ASSIGNMENT
SUBJECT- CHEMISTRY
TOPIC-INDUCTIVE EFFECT

Submitted By : Submitted To:

Kunal Singh Dr. Shashank Nautiyal
 WHAT IS INDUCTIVE EFFECT ?
• When an electron-releasing or an electron-withdrawing species is
introduced to a chain of atoms (generally a carbon chain), the
corresponding negative or positive charge is relayed through the 
carbon chain by the atoms belonging to it. This causes a permanent dipole
to arise in the molecule and is referred to as the inductive effect.
• It has been pointed out that when there is a covalent bond between two
unlike atoms, the bonding electron pair is nearer to the more
electronegative atom. The bond is said to be polarized. Thus, for example,
in
 TYPES OF INDUCTIVE
EFFECT
1.Negative Inductive Effect(-I effect)

• When an electronegative atom, such as a halogen, is introduced

to a chain of atoms (generally carbon atoms), the resulting
unequal sharing of electrons generates a positive charge which
is transmitted through the chain.
• This causes a permanent dipole to arise in the molecule
wherein the electronegative atom holds a negative charge and
the corresponding effect is called the electron-withdrawing
inductive effect, or the -I effect.
2.Positive Inductive Effect(+I Effect)

When a chemical species with the tendency to release or donate

electrons, such as an alkyl group, is introduced to a carbon chain, the
charge is relayed through the chain and this effect is called the
Positive Inductive Effect or the +I Effect.

Inductive Effect on Stability of Molecules

• The charge on a given atom and the charge on a group bonded to
the atom play a strong part when determining the stability of the
resulting molecule as per the inductive effect.
• On the other hand, when a negatively charged atom is introduced to
a group displaying a -I effect, the charge disparity is somewhat
quenched and the resulting molecule would be stable as per the
inductive effect.
 Order of Inductive Effect

1. -I Effect :
NF3+  > NR+ > NH3+  > NO2 > - C ≡ N (cyanide group) > - CHO
(aldehyde) > -RC (= O) R’ > - R - COOH > F > Cl > Br > I > - O - R >
- O  H > - C ≡ CH > - NH2  ⋍ ⏣ > CH = CH2 > H

2. + I Effect:
CHΘ > NHΘ> OΘ> O > -COO > - C(CH3)3 > - H - C - (CH3)2 > -
CH2 - CH3 > - CH3
 APPLICATION OF INDUCTIVE EFFECT

• Stability of carbocation ∝ +I effect

-I effect
• Stability of carbanion ∝ -I effect
+I effect
• Acidity strength ∝ -I effect
+I effect
• Basicity of amines ∝ +I effect
-I effect