CALCULUS I - MATH6082

Week 1
Session 2
Preliminaries
 Acknowledgement

These slides have been adapted from:

Soo.T.Tan. Calculus. 2010.

Brooks/Cole.
ISBN-13: 978-0-534-46579-7

Chapter 0

2
 Learning Objectives

LO 1 : 
LO 1 : 
Describe the basic concepts of preliminaries of
calculus, limits, derivative and function of two
variables.
.

3
 Content

• Real Numbers
1

• Graph of Equations
2

• Operation and Graph of Functions

3

• Trigonometric Functions
4

5 • Trancendetal Functions
4
INTRODUCTION
 Introduction

• Clark County in Nevada

dominated by greater Las
Vegas—was the fastest
growing metropolitan area in
the United States from 1990
through the early 2000s. In this
chapter, we will construct a
mathematical model that can
be used to describe how the
population of Clark County
grew over that period. 6
 Real Numbers
Real numbers are numbers that can be expressed as decimals, such
as

The real numbers can be represented geometrically as points on a

number line called the real line.

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Rules for Inequalities

8
 Three Special Subsets
We distinguish three special subsets of real numbers.
1. The natural numbers, namely 1, 2, 3, 4, ....
2. The integers, namely 0, ±1, ±2, ±3,....
3. The rational numbers, namely the numbers that can be expressed
in the form of a fraction m/n, where m and n are integers and n ≠
0.
Examples are

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Types of Interval

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 Example 1
Solve and show their solution sets on the real
line.

Solution

The solution set is the open interval (-3/7,∞)

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Absolute Value
Properties

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Absolute Value Intervals

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 Example 2
Solve the inequality

Solution

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 Slopes of Lines
DEFINITION. Slope
Let L be a nonvertical line in a coordinate plane. If P1(x1,y1) and
P2(x2,y2) are any two distinct points on L, then the slope of is

The slope of a vertical line

is
undefined.

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 Example 3
A 20-ft ladder leans against a wall with its top
located 12 ft above the ground. What is the
slope of the ladder?

Solution
The situation is depicted in Figure, where x
denotes the distance of the base of the ladder from the wall.
By the Pythagorean Theorem we have

or x = 16. The slope of the ladder is

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 Example 4 (1/2)
Shortly after takeoff a plane climbs along a straight path. The plane
gains altitude at the rate of 300 ft for each 1000 ft it travels
horizontally, that is, parallel to the ground. What is the slope of the
trajectory of the plane? What is the altitude gained by the plane
after traveling 5000 ft horizontally?

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 Example 4 (2/2)
The flight path is depicted in Figure.
We see that the slope of the flight path
of the plane is

This tells us that the plane gains an altitude of 3/10 ft for each foot
traveled by the plane horizontally. Therefore, the altitude gained
after traveling 5000 ft horizontally is

or 1500 ft. 18
 Equations of Nonvertical
Lines
Point-Slope Form of an Equation of a Line
An equation of the line passing through
the point P1(x1,y1) and having slope m is

Slope-Intercept Form of an Equation

of a Line
An equation of the line with slope m and
y-intercept b is

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 Example 5
Find an equation of the line passing through the points (-1,-2) and
(2,3)

Solution
We first calculate the slope of the line, obtaining

Then, we have

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 The General Equation of a
Line
An equation of the form
Ax + By + C = 0
where A, B, and C are constants and A and B are not both zero, is
called a first-degree equation in x and y.

THEOREM
Every first-degree equation in x and y has a straight line for its graph
in the xy-plane; conversely, every straight line in the xy-plane is the
graph of a firstdegree equation in x and y.

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 Parallel Lines
THEOREM
Two nonvertical lines are parallel if and only if they have the same
slope

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 Perpendicular Lines
THEOREM
Two nonvertical lines L1 and L2 with
slopes m1 and m2, respectively, are
perpendicular if and only if m1m2 = -1
or, equivalently, if and only if

Thus, the slope of each is the negative reciprocal of the slope of the
other.
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 Example 6 (1/2)
Find an equation of the line that passes through the point (6,7) and
is perpendicular to the line with equation 2x + 3y = 12.

Solution
First we find the slope of the given line by rewriting the equation in
the slope-intercept form:

From this we see that its slope is -2/3. Since the required line is
perpendicular to the given line, its slope is

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 Example 6 (2/2)
Therefore, using the point-slope form of an equation of a line with m
= 3.2and P1(6,7), we obtain the required equation as

or

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 Definition of a Function
DEFINITION
A function from a set A to a set B is a rule that assigns to each
element in A one and only one element y in B.

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 Example 7:
Finding the Domain of a
Find the domain of
Function

Solution
Since division by zero is prohibited and the denominator of f(x) is
equal to zero if x2 - x - 2 = (x - 2)(x + 1) or x = 2 or x = -1, we conclude
that the domain of f is the set of all numbers except -1 and 2.
Equivalently, the domain of f is the set (-∞,-1) U (-1,2) U (2,∞).

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 Example 8: Piecewise
Defined Functions
Sketch the graph of the function

Solution

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 Even Functions
A function that satisfies f(-x) =
f(x) for every in its domain is
called an even function.

The graph of an even function is symmetric with respect to the x-

axis.

An example of an even function is f(x) = x2, since f(-x) = (-x)2 = x2 = f(x)

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 Odd Functions

A function that satisfies f(-x)

= - f(x) for every in its domain
is called an odd function.

The graph of an even function is symmetric with respect to the

origin.

An example of an even function is f(x) = x3, since f(-x) = (-x)3 = -x3 = -

f(x)
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Radian Measure of
Angles

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The Trigonometric
Functions

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 The Trigonometric
Functions Of Certain
Angles

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Quadrant

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Periodic Function

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Trigonometric Identities

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 Composition of Functions
Given two functions g and f, the composition of g and f, denoted by g
◦ f, is the function defined by
(g ◦ f)(x) = g(f(x))
The domain of g ◦ f is the set of all x in the domain of f for which f(x)
is in the domain of g.

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Vertical and Horizontal
Translations (1/2)

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Vertical and Horizontal
Translations (2/2)

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Vertical and Horizontal
Stretching and
Compressing (1/2)

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Vertical and Horizontal
Stretching and
Compressing (2/2)

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The Natural Logarithmic
Function

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Laws of Logarithms

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 Example 9
Expand the expression

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Inverse Function

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The Graphs of Inverse
Functions

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Finding the Inverse of a
Function

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 Example 10 (1/2)
Find the inverse of the function defined by .

Solution
The graph of shown in Figure shows
that is one-to-one and so exists. To find
the rule for this inverse, write

and then solve the equation for x:

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 Example 10 (2/2)
Finally, interchanging and , we obtain

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The Natural Exponential
Function

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Exponential Functions
with Base a

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The Hyperbolic Functions

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The Hyperbolic Functions

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 References
Dale Varberg, Edwin Purcell, Steve Rigdon. 2007.
Calculus. Prentice Hall. ISBN: 978-0132306331.

Soo.T.Tan. Calculus. 2010. Brooks/Cole. ISBN-13: 978-

0-534-46579-7

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Thank You
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