NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

TIRUCHIRAPPALLI

PRESENTATION ON
“LAB EXPERIMENT OF STEEL ANGLE UNDER AXIAL COMPRESSION (COLUMN
BUCKLING)”

PRESENTED BY :
SANJANA S KUMAR
SHAHIM AS AD K
SREELAKSHMI M G
DIPENDRA PANERU
 CONTENTS

• OBJECTIVE
• THEORY
• MODES OF FAILURE
• APPARATUS REQUIRED
• TEST SETUP
• PROCEDURE
• SIGNIFICANCE OF SOUTHWELL PLOT
• DETERMINATION OF THEORETICAL FAILURE LOAD
• DETERMINATION OF EXPERIMENTAL FAULIRE LOAD/Observation
• RESULT
• CONCLUSION
 OBJECTIVE

To study the buckling behavior of steel columns made up of single and double angle
sections under axial compression
 THEORY
Euler’s Analysis

The classical Euler analysis of this problem makes the following assumptions

1. The strut is made up of homogenous and linearly elastic material.

2. The strut is perfectly straight and there are no initial imperfections.
3. The loading is applied at the centroid of the cross section at the ends.

Thus, the Euler’s buckling equation is given by

Pe = buckling strength of elastic column

E = modulus of elasticity

I = moment of inertia at the principal axis of the section at which the buckling has taken place

L= effective length of the column

• 
Rankine-Gordon Formula
Predictions of buckling loads by the Euler formula is only reasonable for very long and slender struts that have very small
geometrical imperfections.
For struts other than in this category, a suitable formula is the Rankine-Gordon formula, which is a semi-empirical formula,
and considers the crushing strength of the material, its Young's modulus and its slenderness ratio. It is given by

• = Actual strength of a real column, in N/mm2

• = Euler’s buckling strength, in N/mm2

• = Yield strength, in N/mm2

• By varying the value of the constant power n, different curves can be obtained. As per IS: 800 – 1984, n = 1.4.
 APPARATUS REQUIRED

• Single and double angle column specimens (ISA 20*20*3) of length 450mm

• Steel Scale
• Dial gauges(LC=0.01mm),used to measure the lateral linear deformation
• Vernier calipers (LC=0.02mm)

• Two hemi-spheres
• Plumb bob
• Plate with circular groove
 TEST SETUP

• Support condition :-Pin-Pin

 Check for initial imperfection

 structural member is not perfectly straight.

 small initial imperfections can cause a significant drop in the concentric compressive strength of
prismatic members.
 the out-of-straightness is measured directly about the principal axes’
 measurements were taken from a datum formed by nylon wires tightly stretched.
 From this δp/L can be found.
 As per British Standard (BS5 950:2000), Clause no. 6.4.3 has given Member imperfections for a
compression member, this equivalent initial bow imperfection are specified in the Table e0 is the
amplitude of the initial bow imperfection.
 PROCEDURE
The testing of the two individual specimens, one single angle and the other double angle
was carried out as per the following steps.

1. Measure the thickness of the specimens with the help of a vernier caliper at three
different locations and take the average value.

2. Measure the length of the specimens with the help of a scale.

3. Hemispherical iron piece fitted in a grove at the end plates of the columns is provided to
achieve hinge condition for the column.

4. The vertical alignment of the test piece is checked with the help of a plumb bob.
Contd.
5. At the mid height of the column two dial gauges are fixed at mutually orthogonal
directions to measure the deflection of the column, from its original position.

6. Load is applied on the specimen with the help of hydraulic jack.

7. The load is increased at a uniform rate and corresponding deflections for each
incremental load of 100 kg (for single angle) and 500 kg (for double angle) were noted
with the help of the dial gauge.

8. The load increment is continued till the column failed in buckling.

9. Out of plane deformation were measured with the help of the dial gauges up to failure
Schematic Picture showing final setup after all procedure performed
 SIGNIFICANCE OF SOUTHWELL PLOT
 Southwell’s plot is a data reduction technique, used to determine buckling load for an imperfect column.
 It assumes that the plot P- acts as rectangular hyperbola, with P the measured load, and d the deformation.
 As par this technique, we will plot a graph between d/  and . the critical load can be obtained as the inverse slope of the
straight line.
DETERMINATION OF THEORETICAL FAILURE LOAD

Specimen - 1: Single Angle Compression Specimen - II : Double Angle(Back-to-Back)

Member Compression Member
• Angle size is ISA 20×20×3 • Angle size : ISA 20×20×3

• Area = 112 mm2 • Area = 224mm2

• Ixx = 0.8 *104 mm4
• Length = 450 mm
• Iyy =2.5346 *104 mm4
• End condition is hinged at both ends
• Effective length = 420 mm
• Effective length = 450 mm
• End condition is hinged at both ends
• Radius of gyration = 3.7 m
• Imin = 0.8* 104 mm4
• Moment of inertia, I(min) = 2000 mm4
• Radius of gyration = 5.97 mm
•• Pcr
  =2*EI /le2= 89.52kN
• Pcr=9125.4kg
• +
• =399.64N/mm2
• N/mm2
• =250N/mm2
• N=1.4

• Rankine’s Critical load.

• =41.552kN
• =4235.68kg
DETERMINATION OF EXPERIMENTAL FAULIRE
LOAD/OBSERVATION

Figure: Table used for recording load and dial gauge reading
1. Load – Deflection curve

Figure .Load-Deflection Curve for Single Angle Figure .Load-Deflection Curve for Double Angle
2. Observed Failure

Figure: Buckled double angle Figure: Buckled single angle

 RESULTS
For Single Angle Strut
• Theoretical Critical Load (Pcr) = 1989.3kg = 19.499kN
• Rankine’s critical load, PR = 1476 kg = 14.48 kN
• Experimental Failure Load (Pu) = 1040kg=10.203kN
• Average Critical Load (Southwell’s Plot) =7142.85kg=70.071kN
• Ratio between experimental and theoretical buckling load= 1040/1989.3=0.523
For Double Angle Strut
• Theoretical Critical Load (Pcr) = 9125.4kg = 89.52kN
• Rankine’s critical load, PR = 4235.68 kg = 41.55 kN
• Experimental Failure Load (Pu) = 6540kg=64.16kN
• Average Critical Load (Southwell’s Plot) =11904.76kg=116.785kN
• Ratio between experimental and theoretical buckling load= 6540/9125.4=0.717
 CONCLUSION

• In practical conditions long columns (Single angle) fails much below theoretical failure load.

• The column buckles about its Imin axis (VV axis for single angle section and YY axis for the double angle
section used).

• Practically it is difficult to achieve concentric loading condition.

• The failure load of double angle section connected back to back will be much more than the combined failure
load of two individual single angle columns.

• From the results, it is inferred that Rankine’s formula is giving conservative values.
THANK YOU