ENERGY TRANSFER IN

THE BODY

PRESENTED BY :
SNEHA SHAH
MPT 1st YEAR
(NEURO)
INTRODUCTION
 The free energy is liberated in the form of ATP
hydrolysis reflects the energy difference between the
reactant and end products
 Because energy from ATP hydrolysis powers all forms
of biologic work ,ATP constitutes the cells energy
currency
 It can react anaerobically without the use of oxygen
to form energy for this reason any body movement
can happen immediately
 The body maintains continuous ATP supply through
different metabolic pathways some are located in the
cell cytosol while other operate with cell mitocondria
OBJECTIVE OF PRESENTATION
 Identify the high energy phosphates and discuss
their contributions to powering biologic work
 Quantify the body’s reserves of ATP and Pcr
 Outline electron transport –oxidative

phosphorylation
 Discuss the role of oxygen in energy metabolism
 Describe cellular energy release during anaerobic

metabolism
 Contrast the energy-conserving efficiencies of

aerobic and anaerobic metabolism

 Discuss the dynamics of lactate formation and its
accumlation in blood during increasing exercise intensity
 Indicate the role of the citric acid cycle in energy

metabolism
 Outline the general pathways for energy release during

macronutrient catabolism
 Indicate the role of the cori cycle in exercise energy

metabolism
 Outline diverse interconversions among carbohydrate,fat

and protein
 Discuss the statement ‘fats burn in a carbohydrate flame’
PHOSPHOCREATINE: THE ENERGY
RESERVOIR
 ATP resynthesis proceeds unintrupted to
supply energy for biologic use. Fat and
glycogen represent the major energy sources
for maintaining continual ATP resyntheses
 Some energy directly comes from the

anaerobic splitting of a phospate from

phosphocreatin the term HIGH ENERGY
PHOSPHATE is given to it
 The ATP and Pcr molecules have similar
charcteristics a large amount of free energy is been
liberated when bond breaks down between Pcr arrow
is in both the direction large amount of free energy
hydrolysis in Pcr 4 to 6% in mitrochondria and 3 to
5% in sarcomere and 90% in cyctosole
 Transient increases in ADP within the muscle’s

contractile unit during muscle action shift the creatin

kinase reaction towards Pcr hydrolysis and ATP
production the reaction does not require oxygen and
reaches a maximum energy yield about 10 seconds
 ATP ADP+Pi+ENERGY
Pcr+ADP cr+ATP
ATP and Pcr provide anaerobic sources of
phosphate bond .The energy liberated from
hydrolysis of Pcr rebonds ADP and Pi to form
ATP
CELLULAR OXIDATION
 Most of the energy for phosphorylation derived
from the oxidation of dietry carbohydrate , lipid
and protien macronutrients .
 Oxidation and reduction reaction takes place that

remain coupled because every oxidation coincide

in reduction
 It constitutes the biochemical mechanism that

underlines energy metabolism

 This process continuously provide H atom from

the catabolisim stored in carbohydrate,fatand

protien molecules
ELECTRON TRANS PORT CHAIN

 It is generally scheme for hydrogen oxidation and

accompanying electron transport to oxygen
 NADH and FADH2 is formed in the break down of food

provide energy rich molecules because they carry

electrons with a high energy transfer potential.
 It is a specific molecule constitutes the respiratory

chain,The final common pathway where electrons extracted

from hydrogen pass to oxygen
 Each pair of hydrogen atoms 2 electron flow down the

chain and reduce one atom of 0 to form 1water of

5cytochromes only last cytochrome oxidase
 Figure represents route for H oxidation,electron transport

and energy transfer in the repiratory chain

ELECTRON TRANSPORT
OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION
 It is oxydative phosphorylation synthesizes ATP by transfering
electrodes from NADH and FADH2 to O
 Energy is generated from the reaction from electron transport
pump protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane into
the inter membrane space
 This stores the potential energy
 It provides the coupling mechanism that bind ADP and a
phosphate ion to synthesize ATP cause the mitochondrial
membrane impermiable to ATP the protien complex ATP/ADP
translocase exports the synthesised ATP molecule. in turn
ADP and Pi into mitocondria this is called CHEMOIOSMOTIC
COUPLING
◦ THE REACTION IS
 NADH+H+3ADP+3Pi+1/2O2 NAD +H2O +3ATP
OXGEN ROLE IN ENERGY METABOLISM
 Availability of the reducing agent NADH in the
tissue synthesis
 Presence of oxidysing agent O in the tissues
 Sufficient concentration of enzymes and

mitochondria to ensure that energy transfer

reaction proceed at there appropriate rate
ENERGY RELEASE FROM FOOD
 There are specific pathways of degradation depending upon
nuetrient substrate catabolism
 It out lines the macro nuitrient fuel sources that supply

substrate for oxidation and subsequent formation of ATP

these sources are primary of .1Triglyceride and glycogen
molecules
2Glucose
3FFA
4Intramuscular and liver derived carbon skeletons of amino
acids
5Anarobic reaction in the cytosol in the initial phase of glucose
6Phosphorylation of ADP by PCr under enzymatic control by
creatine kinase and adenylate kinase
ENERGY RELEASE FROM THE FOOD
ENERGY RELEASE FROM CARBOHYDRATE
 They are primary function is supplying energy for cellular work
 They provide macronuitriant substrate whose energy generates ATP
anaerobicaly .this becomes important in maximal exercise that
requires rapid energy release supplied by aerobic metabolism.
intramuscular glycogen supplies energy for ATP
 During light and moderate exercise they provide 1/3 of energy to
the body
 Processing large quantities of fat of energy require catabolism of
carbohydrate
 Aerobic hydrolysis of carbohydrate for energy occurs more rapidly
.thus depleating glycogen reserve significantly reduces exercise
power out put
GLYCOLYSIS GENERATES ANAEROBICALY ENERGY
FROM GLUCOSE
GLUCOSE GLUCOSE 6 PHOSPHATE FRUCTOSE 6 PHOSPHATE
hexokinase glucose phosphate isomerase phospho fructo kinase
fructose 1,6
diphosphate
aldolase
DIHYDROXY ACETONE PHOSPHATE
triosephophate isomerase
3 PHOSPHO GYCERALDEHYDE glyceraldehyde 3phosphate
dehydrogenase
1,3 DIPHOSPHO GLYCERATE
Phospho glycerate kinase
2 PHOPHOGLYCERATE
enalase PHOSPHOENOLE PYRUATE
pyruate kinase
PYRUATE LACTATE
 Glycolysis :a series of 10 enzymatically
controlled chemical reactions create 2
molecules of pyruate from the anaerobic
break down of glucose.Lactate forms when
NADH oxidation does not keep pace with its
formation in glycolysis.enzymes colored
yellow purple are those that play a key
regulatory role in these metabolic reaction.
METABOLISM OF GLUCOSE TO GLYCOGEN
AND GLYCOGEN TO GLUCOSE
 Enzymes become inactive following a meal,while
glycogen synthase activity increases to facilitate
storage of the glucose obtain
 Conversely between meals when glycogen reserves

decreases ,phosphorylase becomes active to maintain

blood glucose for body tissues ,skeletal muscle at rest
shows higher synthesis activity ,while activities include
phosphorylase activity with blunting of synthase
enzyme
 Epinephrine accelerates the rate that phosphorylase

cleaves one glucose component at a time from the

glycogen molecule
REGULATION OF GLYCOLYSIS
IT DEPENDS UPON
 Concentration of the key glycolytic hexokinase ,

phosphofructokinase and pyruate kinase

 Levels of the substrate fructos 1,6 diphosphate
 Oxygen Muscle fibers and adipocytes contain an

insulin dependent transporter known as gluT4

in response to insulin and physical activity
GLUT4 migrates from vesicles within the cell to
the plasma membrane this facilitates the
glucose transport into the sarcoplasm it is used
for ATP formation.
LACTATE FORMATION
 In a strennous exercise when energy demands exceeds
either O supply ,the respiratory chain cannot process all of
the hydrogen joined to NADH continues use can lead to
NADH (neg) availability to oxidize 3_phosphoglycraldehyde
it catalyses the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase
Its formation is in two ways
 The energy metabolism of red blood cells that contain no

mitochondria
 Limitation posed by enzymes activity in muscle fibers with

high glycolytic capacity

 It starts oxidizing its capacity to heart that is equal to its

rate .
 There are temporary storage of hydrogen with
pyruate that is end product of glycolysis
 Lactate forms in the muscles and defuses in the

interstitial space and blood for buffering and

removal from the site of energy metabolism
 Glycolysis continue to supply anaerobic energy

for ATP resynthesis.As the load is increased will

fatigue by inactivating various enzymes and
increase acidity
 It provides the valuable source source for intense

exercise
 When sufficient 0 once again becomes available
during recovery .when an exercise is been
performed NAD+ is scavenged H attached to lactate
for subsequent oxidation to form to form ATP
 The carbon skeletons of pyruate molecules re-
formed from lactate during exercise become
oxidized for energy in CORI CYCLE
 Lactate shuttling is the procedure in which lactate
accumulation takes place fast twitch fibers for
conversion into pyruate then into acetyl-coA and
enters into cori cycle
 Reaction taking place when pyruate preparing
to enter the citric acid cycle by joining with
vitamin B derivative aoenzyme A to form the
2-carbon compound acetyl-coA .2 H are been
released transfer their electron to NAD
 PYRUATE+NAD postive+coA

AcetylecoA+co2+NADH+H
CITRIC ACID CYCLE
 Carbon dioxide released in hydrolysis of 2
pyruate molecules
co2 H
2 molecules pyruate 2 4
2 molecules acetyl_coA 4 16
TOTAL 6 20
ENERGY RELEASE FROM THE FAT
 Triglycerides stored directly within the muscle fiber in
close proximity to the mitochondria(more in slow twitch
muscle fiber than fast twitch fiber)
 Circulating triglycerides in lipoprotein complexes that
lipoprotein lipase hydrolyses on the surface of a tissue
capillary endothelium
 Circulating free fatty acids mobilized from triglycerides in
adipose tissue
ADIPOCYTES:THE SITE OF FAT
STORAGE AND MOBILIZATION
ABDOMINAL TISSUE GLYCEROL GLUCOSE

FATTY ACIDS
INTRAMUCULAR TRIGLYCERIDE

FATTY ACIDE+ ALBUMIN FATTY ACIDS

FFA

O2 ACETYL COA

CITRIC ACID CYCLE

ELECTRON TRANSPORT ATP

HARMONAL EFFECT

 The harmones epinephrine,norepinephrine,glucagon,and

growth hormone augement lipase activation and subsequent
lipolysis and FFA mobilization from the adipose tissue .
Plasma concentrations of these lipogenic hormones increase
during exercise to provide active muscles with a continual
supply of energy _rich subsatrate
 An intracellular mediator ,adinosine 3,5 cyclic
monophosphate activates lipase leading to break down
ENERGY RELEASE FROM THE PROTEIN
 It is primarily the branched chain amino acids
leucine,isoleucine,valine,glutamine and aspartate, plays a
cotributory role as an energy substrate during endurance
activities
 The amino acids are first converted to a form that release
energy
 Deamination occurs in the liver to remove nitrogen from the
amino acid
THE METABOLIC MILL
 It is the interrelationship between carbohydrate,fat,and protien
metabolism
 FATs glycerol+fatty acids beta oxidation acetyl coA
 CARBOHYDRATES glycolysis release nucleotides,amino
sugars,glycolypids,glycoprotiens and lipids pyruate then
release amino acids pyrimidines,lactate acetyle coA
 PROTEINS amino acids deamination release ammonia,urea,urine
after it theromineserine cysteinglycine enters into deamination in
presense of alanine ant also enters to pyruate
 From isoleucine leucine lysine tyrosine phenylalanine moves to
acetyl coa and then to deamination
 Entery in citricc acid cycle by arginine methonine
asparaginephylalamine aspartate proline glutamate and then to
deamination
THANK YUUUUUUUUUUUU