FUNDAMENTALS OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

If we did not have IC engines!!

 HISTORY OF ICE
• PIONEER OF IC ENGINE. Jean Joseph Étienne
Lenoir also known as Jean J. Lenoir was a Belgian
engineer who developed the internal combustion
engine in 1858.
• NICOLAUS OTTO & EUGENE LANGEN (1876) - Further
designed commercially viable SI Engines
• RUDOLF DIESEL (1897) - Invented and manufactured
commercially viable CI Engines
 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
• The internal combustion engine is a heat engine that
converts chemical energy in a fuel into mechanical energy,
usually made available on a rotating output shaft.
• Chemical energy of the fuel is first converted to thermal
energy by means of combustion or oxidation with air inside
the engine.
• This thermal energy raises the temperature and pressure of
the gases within the engine, and the high-pressure gas then
expands against the mechanical mechanisms of the engine.
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
• This expansion is converted by the mechanical linkages of
the engine to a rotating crankshaft, which is the output of
the engine.
• The crankshaft, in turn, is connected to a transmission
and/or power train to transmit the rotating mechanical
energy to the desired final use.
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
Advantages Disadvantages
• MECHANICAL SIMPLICITY • FUEL COST
• IMPROVED THERMAL
EFFICIENCY • WORKING FLUID ONLY
• DON’T NEED AUXILIARY LIQUID OR GASEOUS AT
EQUIPMENT GIVEN SPECIFICATIONS
• SHORT START AND STOP
TIME • VIBRATION PROBLEMS
• LOW INITIAL COST
• EFFICIENT PERFORMANCE
CLASSIFICATION OF INTERNAL
COMBUSTION ENGINES

VARIOUS TYPES OF ENGINES

ENGINE CLASSIFICATION
GENERAL CLASSIFICATION
Open Cycle Turbine
 CLASSIFICATION OF
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
1. Application
2. Basic Engine Design
3. Working Cycle
4. Fuel
5. Mixture Preparation
6. Ignition
7. Combustion Chamber Design
8. Method of Load Control
9. Cooling
 Application
1. Automotive: Car, Truck/Bus, Off-highway
2. Locomotive
3. Light Aircraft
4. Marine: Outboard, Inboard, Ship
5. Power Generation: Portable (Domestic), Fixed
6. Agricultural: Tractors, Pump sets
7. Earthmoving: Dumpers, Tippers, Mining Equipment
8. Home Use: Lawnmowers, Snow blowers, Tools
 Outboard Motor

USUALLY TWO STROKE PETROL ENGINES

Portable Generator
Marine – In Board Motor
 Basic Engine Design

1. Reciprocating
a. Single Cylinder
b. Multi-cylinder
(1) In-line
(2) V and W engines
(3) Radial
(4) Horizontally Opposed/Opposed Cylinder
(5) Opposed Piston
2. Rotary:
a. Single Rotor
b. Multi-rotor
Types of Reciprocating Engines
V Engine
V-6 ENGINE
 Working Cycle (Strokes)

1. Four Stroke Cycle

a. Naturally Aspirated
b. Supercharged/Turbocharged
2. Two Stroke Cycle:
a. Crankcase Scavenged
b. Uniflow Scavenged
Supercharger
Turbocharger
 Crankcase
Scavenging
Loop or cross flow
relies on the piston to
open and close
exhaust ports
 SCAVENGING

Uniflow, used with two stroke

CI engines requires an
exhaust valve or piston to
operate.
 Fuel
1. Conventional:
a. Crude oil derived: Petrol, Diesel, Kerosene
b. Other sources: Coal, Wood (includes bio-mass), Tar Sands,
Shale
2. Alternate:
a. Petroleum derived: CNG, LPG
b. Bio-mass Derived: Alcohols (methyl and ethyl), Vegetable
oils, Producer gas and biogas, Hydrogen
c. Bio Fuels: Peanut Oil, Jatropha Oil, Vegetable Oil,
3. Blending: E-10 or E-15 (E-10 = Ethanol 10% Blend)
4. Multi-Fuel Engines Sec A 19 sep , SEC B 22 Sep
 Mixture Preparation

1. Carburetion
2. Fuel Injection
a. Diesel
b. Gasoline
(1) Manifold Injection
(2) Port Injection
(3) Cylinder Injection
 Ignition
1. Spark Ignition
(a) Conventional
(i) Battery
(ii)Magneto
(b) Electronic Ignition
2. Compression Ignition
 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

In a Wankel engine the 4- Rotary Engine

stroke cycle occurs in a
moving combustion chamber
between the inside of an
epitrochoid-shaped housing,
and a rotor that is similar in
shape to a Reuleaux
triangle with sides that are
somewhat flatter
 Combustion Chamber Design

1. Open Chamber: Disc type, Wedge, Hemispherical

Bowl-in-piston

2. Divided Chamber:
For CI: Swirl chamber, Pre-chamber
For SI: Compound vortex controlled combustion
(CVCC) 
 Method of Load Control
1. Throttling: To control mixture strength. Also
called Charge Control. Used in Carbureted S.I.
Engines
2. Fuel Control: To vary the mixture strength
according to load. Used in the C.I. Engine
3. Combination. Used in Throttle body Fuel-
injected S.I. Engine.
 Cooling
1. Direct Air-cooling

2. Indirect Air-cooling (Liquid Cooling)

3. Low Heat Rejection (Semi-adiabatic) engine.

Applications of IC and EC Engines

SEC A, B, D
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