Chapter 8.

2
Volcanoes
How Do Volcanoes Form?
a. Rising magma can eventually lead to an eruption
i. Solids, magma, and gas are spewed out to form cone-shaped mountains called
volcanoes.
b. Lava- magma that flows onto Earth’s surface through a vent, or opening
c. Volcanoes have circular holes near their summits called craters
d. Explosive eruptions throw lava and rock thousands of meters into the air.
i. Bits of rock or solidified lava dropped from the air are called tephra.
ii. Tephra varies in size from volcanic ash to cinders to larger rocks called bombs or
blocks.
When Plates Collide
a. Islands are forming as plates made up of oceanic crust and mantle
collide.
i. The older and denser oceanic plate subducts, or sinks beneath, the
less dense plate
ii. When one plate sinks under another plate, rock in and above the
sinking plate melts, forming chambers of magma.
iii. This magma is the source for volcanic eruptions that have formed
the Caribbean Islands.
Eruptions on a Carribean Island

a. Pyroclastic flows are massive avalanches of hot, glowing rock

flowing on a cushion of intensely hot gases
b. Speeds at which these flows travel can reach 200 km/h.
Volcanic Risks
a. Inactive volcanic centers exist at
Silver Hill, Centre Hill, and South
Soufriere Hills.
b. The risk map shows different
zones of the island where
inhabitants still are able to stay and
locations from which they have
been evacuated.
Forms of Volcanoes
a. Volcanoes can cause great destruction.
b. Volcanoes also add new rock to Earth’s crust
with each eruption.
What Determines How a Volcano Erupts?
a. Some volcanic eruptions are violent, while during others lava flows out
quietly around a vent.
b. The composition of the magma plays a big part in determining the manner in
which energy is released during a volcanic eruption
c. Lava that contains more silica tends to be thicker and is more resistant to
flow.
d. Lava containing more iron and magnesium tends to flow easily.
e. The amount of water vapor and other gases trapped in the lava also
influences how lava erupts.
What Determines How a Volcano Erupts? (con’t)
a. This pressure is released as magma rises toward Earth’s surface and eventually erupts.
i. Sticky, silica-rich lava tends to trap water vapor and other gases.
b. Water is carried down from the surface of Earth into the mantle when one plate subducts beneath another
c. In hotter regions of Earth’s interior, part of a descending plate and nearby rock will melt to form magma.
i. The magma produced is more silica rich than the rock that melts to form the magma.
ii. Superheated steam produces tremendous pressure in such thick, silica-rich magmas.
d. After enough pressure builds up, an eruption occurs.
i. The type of lava and the gases contained in that lava determine the type of eruption that occurs.
Shield Volcanoes
a. Basaltic lava flows in broad, flat layers
b. The buildup of basaltic layers forms a broad volcano with gently sloping
sides called a shield volcano.
i. Largest type of volcano.
ii. Form where magma is being forced up from extreme depths within
Earth, or in areas where Earth’s plates are moving apart.
iii. Separation of plates enables magma to be forced upward to Earth’s
surface.
Cinder Volcanoes
a. Rising magma mulates gases on its way to the surface.
i. When the gas builds up enough pressure, it erupts.
b. Lava cools quickly in midair and the particles of solidified lava, ash, and cinders
fall back to Earth.
i. This tephra forms a relatively small cone of volcanic material called a
cinder cone volcano
ii. Usually less than 300 m in height
iii. Often form in groups near other larger volcanoes.
iv. The eruption is powered by the high gas content → it usually doesn’t last
long.
v. After the gas is released,the force behind the eruption is gone.
Composite Volcanoes
a. Steep-sided mountains composed of alternating layers of lava and tephra are
composite volcanoes.
i. Sometimes erupts violently releasing large quantities of ash and gas.
ii. Forms a tephra layer of solid materials.
1. Then a quieter eruption forms a lava layer.
2. Form where one plate sinks beneath another.
b. Another volcanic eruption from a composite volcano was the May 1980 eruption
of Mount St. Helens in the state of Washington.It erupted explosively, spewing
ash that fell on regions hundreds of kilometers away from the volcano.
Fissure Eruptions
a. Magma that is highly fluid can ooze from cracks or fissures in
Earth’s surface.
i. This is the type of magma that usually is associated with
fissure eruptions.
ii. Lava that erupts has a low viscosity
b. Flood basalts that have been exposed to erosion for millions of
years can become large, relatively fiat landforms known as lava
plateaus
Summary
a. Some volcanoes form as two or more large plates collide.
b. The Caribbean Islands formed from volcanic eruptions as one plate sinks under
another plate.
c. Lava high in silica produces explosive eruptions, lava low in silica but high in
iron and magnesium produces more fluid eruptions.
d. The amount of water vapor and gases impacts how volcanoes erupt.
e. Types of volcanoes include shield, cinder cone and composite volcanoes, and
fissure eruptions.
Section Review
a. Which types of lava eruptions cover the largest area on Earth’s surface?

b. Describe the processes that have led to the formation of the Soufriere Hills volcano.

c. Explain why a cinder cone has steep sides?

d. What types of materials are volcanoes like Mount St. Helens made of?

e. Why is silica-rich magma explosive?