PRESENTATION

ON
MECHANISM OF INFECTION AND
TRANSMISSION OF DISEASE
SUBJECT- MICROBIAL PHYSIOLOGY
DATE: 01/01/2022

GUIDED BY: PRESENTED BY:

DR. KK SHUKLA SONAM PATEL
MSc-I SEMESTER

SCHOOL OF STUDIES IN BIOTECHNOLOGY

PT. RAVISHANKAR SHUKLA UNIVERSITY, RAIPUR 1
 S

 INFECTION- INTRODUCTION
 TYPES OF INFECTION
 SOURCE OF INFECTION
 MECHANSIM OF INFECTION
 TRANSMISSION OF DISEASE
 TYPES OF INFECTIOUS DISEASE
 PREVENTION FROM INFECTION / DISEASE
 TRANSMISSION OF DISEASE EXAMPLES (AIDS AND RABIES)

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 INFECTION
-The invasion and growth of germs in the body. The germs may be
bacteria, viruses, yeast, fungi, or other microorganisms. Infections
can begin anywhere in the body and may spread all through it.
SAPROPHYTE:
• Free-living microbes that live on dead or decaying matter
PARASITE:
• Microbes that can establish themselves and multiply in hosts.
COMMENSAL-Microbes that live with the host in complete harmony without causing
any damage.
• Eg . E. colistreptococcus salivarius
OPPORTUNISTIC PATHOGEN:
• Pathogen that is normally safe but when host's immunity is lowered, thay can be
dangerous.- Eg: bacillus bactillus , streptococcus sp.

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 TYPES OF INFECTION
 Primary
 Reinfection
 Secondary
 Focal infection
 Nosocomial infection
 Latrogenic infection
 Endogenous
 Exogenous
 Inapparent/subclinical
 Atypical
 Latent
 Local
 Systemic

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Primary infection
• Exposure of pathogen for the first time.

Reinfection
• Exposure of the same pathogen for second or many times.

Secondary infection
• Infected by a pathogen, immunity lowered and cause invasion by other pathogen.

Focal infection
• Localised infection.
Nosocomial infection
• A person make a hospital visit, immunity is low, and get infected by hospital
microbes.
Eg: wound sepsis

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Latrogenic infection
• Drug induced infection during course of treatment
• Eg. muscle sepsis caused by unsterilized equipment used.
Endogenous infection
• When a commensal enter places it should not be
• Eg. entrance of E. coli to urinary tract cause infection.
Exogenous infection
• When a pathogen comes from other source
• Eg. Soil
Inapparent/subclinical
• Asymptomatic
Atypical infection
• Symptoms are atypical

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Latent infection
• Parasites remains in tissues in latent or hidden form, proliferating and
producing clinical disease when the host resistance is lowered.
Eg: herpes infection
Systemic infection
• Spread throughout the body.
Eg: streptococcus infection

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 SOURCES OF INFECTION

o Humans.
o Animals.
o Vectors.
o Insects.
o Food.
o Water.
o Soil.

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FROM HUMANS
Carrier- a person who harbors the pathogenic
microorganism without suffering any ill effect because
of it.
Types of carrier
• Healthy carrier-never get infected.
• Convalescent carrier- the one that recovered from the
disease.
• Temporary carrier- 6 months .
• Chronic carrier- several years or the rest of the life

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Patient
• Contact carrier- someone who acquires pathogen from a patient.
• Paradoxical carrier-someone who acquires pathogen from a carrier.
ANIMALS-
Zoonoses-infectious disease transmitted from animals to humans
• Zoonoses could be-
• Bacterial (plague from rats)
• Viral (rabies from dogs)
• Protozoal (toxoplasmosts from cats)
• Helminthic (hydatid disease from dogs)
• Fungal (zoophilic dermatophytes from cats and dogs)

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INSECTS
Arthropod-borne disease-disease cause by blood sucking insects.
• Vectors-insects like mosquitoes, ticks, mites, flies, fleas, and lice.
- Types of vectors-
- Mechanical vectors-transmission of dysentery by flies
- Biological vectors-anopheles mosquito in malaria .
- "Extrinsic incubation period - Time of entry of the pathogen into
the vector and the vector becoming infective.

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 Soils
• Has fungi(eg: Histoplasma capsulatum) and parasites(eg:
hookworm, roundworm)
Water
• Contaminated with pathogenic microbes .
• Eg: cholera vibrio, infective hepatitis virus
Food
• Contaminated due to external contamination or pre existent
infection in meat or other animal product.

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 MECHANISM OF INFECTION
The process through which microorganisms cause disease
involves several or all of the following stages.
 Encounter
 Colonisation
 Penetration
 Spread
 Damage

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 ENCOUNTER

• The initial contact with a given microbial species is critically

important.
• Depending on whether the source of infection, it may be
 endogenous-due to organisms of the normal flora
 exogenous-due to the organisms derived from a source outside
the body.
• The source of infection are:- Humans, Animals, Insects,
Environment.

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The major routes of transmission are:
✓ Contacts (direct and indirect) including intimate sexual contact e.g
soft tissue infection, gonorrhoea etc.
✓ Inhalation- droplet infection e.g common cold ,pneumonia .
✓ Ingestion- faecal oral route e.g gastroenteritis.
 Inoculation- e.g tetanus, malaria .
✓ Congenital -e.g congenital toxoplasmosis.

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 COLONISATION
• The initial encounter with a new microbial species may
result in nothing more than short lived contact with an
external body surface.

• The microorganisms needs to survive and multiply

under local conditions(e.g temperature and pH) to
establish itself in its new habitat.

• It mostly successfully compete against an established

indigenous microbial and resist local defense
mechanism.
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• Some species are capable of producing mucolytic enzyme
to help them penetrate the layer of mucus coating internal
body surface.

• Some species have specific adhesins that enable binding

with receptor site on human cell.(e.g gonococcal pilli
attachment to urethral epithelium).

• Bacteria such as H. influenza, streptococcus pneumoniae

and Neisseria meningitidis produce lg A protease which
can inactivate locally active Ig A produce by some mucosal
surface.
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 PENETRATION
• A microorganisms must breach surface barrier in order to
invade living human tissue.
• In the case of the skin, bacteria probably do not penetrate
intact surface.
• Infection thus acquires due to trauma, surgical wounds, chronic
skin diseases or insect bites.
• The respiratory tract is continuously exposed to air borne
organism.
• However, the upper respiratory tract functions as an inertial
filtration system and protects the lungs from exposure to
inhaled particles. 18
• The cough reflex and muco ciliary escalator provide back
up, expelling any particle inhaled into the airways.

• Infective particle may reach the alveoli and establish

infection.

• In the GIT, some diseases causing organism damage the

mucosal surface by releasing cytotoxin(e.g those causing
dysentery).

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 SPREAD
• An invading microorganism may spread by one or
more routes.
• Direct extensions through surrounding tissue,
along tissue planes or via the veins and lymphatic
vessels.
• Organisms may play an active part in spread by
destroying cells or even by self propulsions.

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 DAMAGE
Microorganisms damage tissue by a variety of
mechanism.

- Bulk effect.
-Toxin mediated- altered function of host system
-Host response to infection.

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 TRANSMISSION OF DISEASE- AIDS
 The term AIDS refers to Acquired Immune Deficiency
Syndrome caused by the HIV virus.
 AIDS is a condition in which the person’s immune system
weakens to an extent where it is unable to fight any
infection.
 AIDS is commonly considered to be the last stage of HIV
infection; the body completely loses its defense system
and this further causes  illnesses.
 Loss of immunity causes organ failure and ultimately
death. HIV is a type of retrovirus. Its genetic material is
RNA and is called human immunodeficiency virus.
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 MODE OF TRANSMISSION-

Mode of Transmission of HIV-AIDS

• The HIV infection spreads in the course of the following ways:
• Unprotected sexual interaction with a previously infected person.
• Reusing needles used up by an infected individual
• From a diseased mother to the baby through the placenta.
• Blood transfusion from an infected individual.
• The incubation period of this virus is relatively large and it takes ample
time to attack the system, sometimes even 10 years. HIV makes it hard for
the patient to ward off any illness. 

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 PREVENTION
• Using one-use needles.
• Practicing protected sex.
• Regular health check-ups.
• Regulating blood transfusion and pregnancy can help in
prevention of AIDS.
• One more imperative influence is the awareness of AIDS.

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 TRANSMISSION OF DISEASE- RABIES
 Rabies is a viral disease that is spread through the animal bite such
as the dog. It is caused by the infection of rabies virus. The infection
caused by this leads to encephalomyelitis i.e the inflammation of
the brain as well as the spinal cord.
 The transmission of the virus happens through the saliva and
affects the CNS This virus belongs to a family called Rhabdoviridae.
It takes the shape of a bullet.
 Animals such as dogs, rabbits, cats, fox and etc. carry this virus and
transmit the disease to human beings. Usually, this disease causes
about 24,000 – 60,000 deaths worldwide per year.

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 MODE OF TRANSMISSION
 The dog which is affected by rabies transmits the disease to the human
through the saliva. This virus enters into the tissues of the human body
and starts to multiply.
 The transmission of disease sometimes might even happen by an
animal to animal also.
 After it has affected the tissues, the virus travels to the central nervous
system through the spinal cord. Then it reaches the brain and causes
serious brain disorder called encephalitis which in-turn causes a
number of symptoms to arouse in the human body. There are chances
of it causing the death of the person.

 The disease has an incubation period of about 3-12 weeks, later it

progresses with various symptoms. 26
 PREVENTION
• Get rabies vaccination to prevent the infection.
• Vaccinating your pet against the disease.
• Maintain distance with the wild animals.
• Wash wounds with soap and water and maintain good hygiene.
• Keep your pets away from the other stray dogs.
• Prevent bats wandering around your campuses and living places.

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 REFRENCES
• Ananthnarayan and Paniker’s textbook of microbiology.
• BROCK BIOLOGY OF MICROORGANISMS
• https://byjus.com/biology/rabies

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THANKYOU

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