LATE 20TH CENTURY

Group Member;
Garde, Arnold
Gabing, Emae Marie
Flores, Maria Regina C.
 Strain Theory

is a sociology, proposal that pressure derived

from social factors, such as lack of income or lack
of quality education, that drives individuals to
commit crime.
 Two Specific Categories of Strain

Macroside
- caused when society fails to establish clear limits on goals and
is unable to regulate the conduct of members in the society.
Microside
- referred to strain, stresses its attention towards the breakdown
of society and the increase in deviance associated with this
declining change that produces a stronger pressure to commit
crimes.
 Two Kinds of Strain

Structural Strain
caused in large part by society, and result s when society
creates ideals and individuals then struggle to meet these
ideals.
Individual Strain
caused by the person themselves, as they create their
own ideals and then struggle to meet them.
CONTEMPORARY
PIONEERS
 Robert King Merton

American sociologist Considered as the premier

sociologist of the modern days who, after Durkheim,
also related the crime problem to anomie.
 Albert K. Cohen
He published Delinquent Boys: The Culture
of the Gangs in 1955 advocated the Subculture
Theory of Delinquency. He claims that the lower
class cannot socialize effectively as the
middle class in what is considered appropriate
middle class
behavior. Thus the lower class gathered together
share their common problems, forming a
subculture that rejects middle class values. The
subculture is called gang while the kids are
delinquents.
 Gresham Sykes

an american that studys the social science

focuses on society, human social behaviour,
patterns of social relationships and studys the
crime and deviant behaviour. He also Advocated
the Neutralization Theory.
Neutralization Theory
Maintains that an individual will obey or disobey societal rules
depending upon his or her ability to rationalize whether he is
protected from hurt or destruction. People become law abiding if
they feel they are benefited by it and they violate if these laws are
not favorable to them.
 Lloyd Ohlin
He Advocated the Differential
Opportunity Theory. That Explained that
society leads the lower class to want things
and society does things to people. He
claimed that there is differential
opportunity, or access, to success goals by
both legitimate and illegitimate means
depending on the specific location of the
individual within the social structure.Thus,
the lower class groups are provided with
greater opportunities for the acquisition of
the deviant acts.
 Earl Richard Quinney

Advocated the Instrumentalist Theory, a

Marxist capital rule of idea. He claims that upper
classes create laws that protect their interest and
the same time the unwanted behavior of all other
members of society. His major contribution is that
he proposed the shift in focus from looking for the
causes of crime from the individual to the
examination of the Criminal Justice System for
clues.
 Travis Hirschi

Advocated the Social Control Theory. Also Published

his book entitled Causes of Delinquency in 1969 that
explained the social bond theory.
He argued that delinquency can be explained by the
absence of social bonds such as:
• Social attachments (parents, teachers, and peers)
• Involvement in conventional activities
• Acceptance of social norms (such as the norm that
criminal acts should be avoided)
• Recognit ion of the moral validity of law is most likely to
prevent delinquency.
 Robert Agnew

Advocated the General Strain theory. He

revised the strain theory and addressed many of
the criticisms of the original strain theory. His
theory was based on the general idea that “when
people are treated badly they may get upset and
engage crime”. It identifies the ways of
measuring strain, the different types of strain
and the link between strain and crime, and
policy recommendations based on the theory.
 Howard S. Becker

Advocated the Labeling Theory known

as Social Reac ion Theory. Based on the
idea that a social deviant is not an
inherently deviant individual, rather they
become deviant because they are labeled
as such. Deviant behavior is behavior that
people so label. An act becomes deviant
only when others (society) label them as
deviant .
Other Theorist and Pioneers In
the 20th Century
 Karl Marx

A German philosopher economist , socialist and

historian. He and Friedrick Engels advocated Social
Class Conflict Capitalism Theory. They claimed that
the ruling class in a capitalist society is responsible
for the creation of criminal law and their ideological
basis in the interpretation and enforcement of the
laws. Thus, crime and delinquency are reflected on
the demoralized surplus of population, which is
made up of underprivileged usually the unemployed
and underemployed.
 Charles Darwin

His theory of Evolution laid the foundation

of Anthropological Criminology. He claimed
that humans like other animals are parasites.
That is an organism having an animalist ic
behavior and is dependent on other animals
for survival. This social Darwinism idea was
influential to Lombroso’s anthropological
work on the “born criminal”.
 Charles Goring

His most important achievement was the English

Convict : A Statistical Study published in 1913. He
analyzed over 3, 000 English convicts and ultimately
conclude that “the physical and mental constitution of
both criminal and law-abiding persons, of the same age,
stature, class, and intelligence, are identical. There is no
such thing as anthropological criminal type. He
contradicted the Lombroso’s idea that criminality can be
seen through physical features but accepted that
criminals are physically inferior to normal individuals in
the sense that criminals tend to be shorter and have less
 Adolphe J. Quetelet

A Belgian Statistician which is a

Mathematicians that decides what data are
needed to answer specific questions or
problems. Also a Pioneered Cartography and
the Carthographical School of Criminology
that placed emphasis on social statist ics.
thank you for listing!
god bless everyone
and good day!!!