3D to 2D

PROJECTIO
N
 WHAT IS PROJECTION?
• Projection can be defined as a mapping of
point P(x,y,z) into its image P’(x’,y’,z’) in the
projection plane which constitute the display
surface.
• In short it is the transformation of a three-
dimensional (3D) object into a two-
dimensional (2D) plane.
 Projection of a 3D object is defined by straight projection rays
(projectors) coming from the center of projection passing
through each point of the object and intersecting the projection
plane.
 Projections requires:
1. Projections plane.
2. Projections Reference Point (PRP) or Center of
Projection (CRP).
 The projected view of an object is determined by calculating the
intersection of projection lines with the view plane.
 Projectors: Lines from coordinate in original space to
coordinate in projected space.
We can project the 3-D objects onto the 2-D
plane. So Projection can be defined as a
mapping of point P onto its image P’ in the
projection plane or view plane.
There are two basic projection methods:
Parallel projection
Perspective projection
Classification of Projection
 Perspective projection
• In this ,object position are transformed to the
view plane along lines that converge to a point
called center of projection.
• In this ,lines are not parallel to each other.
 Types of Perspective Projection
• THERE ARE 3 TYPES OF PERSPECTIVE
PROJECTION:
1.ONE-POINT PERSPECTIVE
PROJECTION
2.TWO-POINT PERSPECTIVE PROJECTION

3.THREE-POINT PERSPECTIVE PROJECTION

So the distance of a line from the projection plane determines
its size on the projection plane, i.e. the farther the line is from
the projection plane, the smaller its image on the projection
plane Characteristics:
(i) Vanishing Point: The lines that are parallel to the viewing
plane appear to converge at a point called Vanishing point.
(ii) Perspective Foreshortening : Objects that are farther
from the viewing plane are projected smaller in size than
the objects that are nearer to viewing plane.
(iii) View confusion : When we project objects which are
behind the center of projection appears to be projected
upside down & backward onto the viewing plane
 PARALLEL PROJECTION
• In this,coordinate positions are transformed to
the view plane along parallel lines.
• Projection lines are parallel to each other.
• Projection lines are extended from the object
and intersect the view plane.
 Types of Parallel Projection
There are two types of parallel projection:
1. ORTHOGRAPHIC:
 Projection lines are parallel to each other & also
perpendicular to the plane.
 It used to create different views of given
object.
 And also parallel to any of the principal axis this
produces the front, top and side views.
2.OBLIQUE:
 Projection lines are parallel to each other but
not perpendicular to view plane.
 In this there are 2 types:
i. CAVALIER:-In this,projection lines makes angle
of 30degree with the view plane & there is no
change in the length of projection.
ii. CABINET:-In this,projection lines makes angle
of 45degree with the view plane & length of
projected line vil reduce.
 Oblique projection: If the direction
of
projection is not perpendicular to the
projection plane.
 Types of Oblique Projection are:
(i) Cavalier- the direction of projection is
chosen so that there is no foreshortening of
lines perpendicular to the xy plane.
Cabinet- the direction of projection is chosen so
that lines perpendicular to the xy planes are
foreshortened by half their lengths.
 Camera parameter
How many numbers do we need to describe a
camera?

• We need to describe its pose in the world

• We need to describe its internal parameters
A Tale of Two Coordinatey
Systems
v

x
u
w z
Two important coordinate systems:
1. World coordinate system
2. Camera coordinate system
•To project a point (x,y,z) in world coordinates
into a camera
•First transform (x,y,z) into camera coordinates
•Need to know
– Camera position (in world coordinates)
– Camera orientation (in world coordinates)
•Then project into the image plane
– Need to know camera intrinsics
•These can all be described with matrices
THANK YOU