Typology of Learners with Special Needs

“ Know the Types and Know Your Rights ”

 INTRODUCTIO
N "Beware
Stereotypes"

MACAPILLA
Learning Objectives: At the end of the topic the learner will be able to:

LO 1 Distinguish the different types, identifications, etiologies, causes,

characteristics of learners who have special needs;
LO 2 Describe the different types and levels/degrees, etiologies, causes, and
characteristics of these learners;
LO 3 Explain the salient meaning of learners with learning, physical
and intellectual disabilities;
LO 4 Demonstrate knowledge of teaching strategies that are inclusive of learners
with special needs
 DISABILITY

MACAPILLA
 DISABILITY

is any condition that makes it more difficult for a person to do

certain activities. Cognitive, developmental, intellectual,
mental, physical, sensory, or a combination of multiple
factors.

MACAPILLA
 A. Learners with
Intellectual Disability

SONGSONG
 FOOD FOR THOUGHT:

SONGSONG
 Learners with Intellectual
Disability
Formerly labeled “mental retardation,”

The term 'intellectual disability' refers to a group of conditions caused

by various genetic disorders and infections. Intellectual disability is
usually identified during childhood, and has an ongoing impact on an
individual’s development.

An intellectual disability is a significant limitation in a student’s

cognitive functioning and daily adaptive behaviors (Schalock &
Luckasson, 2004; American Association on Mental Retardation,
2002) development.

SONGSONG
 Characteristics:
1. Mild range with an IQ of 50 to 70.
2. Limitations in intellectual functioning and limitations in adaptive
behavior
3. Delays in cognitive, social, and adaptive behavior skills
within typical classroom settings
There are four levels of ID:
◦ Mild intellectual disability
◦ Moderate intellectual disability
◦ Severe intellectual disability
◦ Profound intellectual disability

SONGSONG
 Identifications
failure to meet intellectual milestones
sitting, crawling, or walking later than other
children problems learning to talk or trouble
speaking clearly memory problems
inability to understand the consequences of
actions inability to think logically
childish behavior inconsistent with the child’s
age lack of curiosity
learning difficulties
IQ below 70

SONGSONG
 Levels of intellectual
disability Mild intellectual
disability
◦taking longer to learn to talk, but communicating
well once they know how
◦ being fully independent in self-care when they get
older
◦ having problems with reading and writing
◦ social immaturity
◦increased difficulty with the responsibilities of
marriage or parenting
benefiting from specialized education plans
ENPICTANA
◦
 Levels of intellectual
disability Moderate intellectual
disability
◦ are slow in understanding and using language
◦ may have some difficulties with communication
◦ can learn basic reading, writing, and counting
skills
◦ are generally unable to live alone
◦ can often get around on their own to familiar
places
◦ can take part in various types of social activities

ENPICTANA
generally having an IQ range of 35 to 49
◦
 Levels of intellectual disability
Severe intellectual
disability
Symptoms of severe ID include:
◦ noticeable motor impairment

◦ severe damage to, or abnormal development of, their

central nervous system

◦ generally having an IQ range of 20 to 34

ENPICTANA
 Levels of intellectual
disability Profound intellectual
disability
◦ inability to understand
◦ possible immobility
◦ incontinence
◦ very basic nonverbal communication
◦ inability to care for their own
◦ the need of constant help and supervision
◦ having an IQ of less than 20

ENPICTANA
 Cerebral palsy

C erebr a l pa ls y (C P) is a gr ou p of
disorders that affect a person’s Cerebral means
ab ili ty to m ov e a nd m ai ntain
having to do with the
balance and posture. brain.
Palsy means
weakness or
problems with using
the muscles.
SUD
 Four main types of Cerebral Palsy:
Spastic Cerebral Palsy
- stiff muscles
Dyskinetic Cerebral Palsy
- uncontrollable movements
Ataxic Cerebral Palsy
- poor balance and
coordination Mixed Cerebral
Palsy
- mixed CP is spastic-
SUD dyskinetic CP
 Causes and Risk Factors

• CP is caused by abnormal development of the brain

that affects a child’s ability to control his/her muscles.

• CP related to brain damage that occurred before or

during birth is called congenital CP.

SUDE
 (Three) 3 early signs of cerebral
palsy:

Developmental delays - The child is slow to reach milestones

Abnormal muscle tone - Body parts are floppy
Abnormal posture - The child might also use one side of the
body more than the other when reaching.

SUD
 How to Make Classrooms more Inclusive
for Students with Cerebral Palsy

Change up
Use Assigned
Instructional
Seating
methods

SUD
 How to Make Classrooms more Inclusive
for Students with Cerebral Palsy

Provide No Tolerance
choice bullying
Collaborate
with Teachers
& Parents

SUD
 Trisomy 21 (Downsyndrome)

• Trisomy 21 is the most common

chromosomal anomaly in humans,
• Also known as Down syndrome, trisomy 21 is
a genetic condition caused by an extra
chromosome.
• The disorder was first identified in 1866 by
John Langdon Down, a British physician.
BARANDINO
 Certain medical problems and may develop:
Congenital heart disease
Epilepsy
Gastrointestinal
Hearing loss
abnormalities
Speech apraxia
Musculoskeletal and
(difficulty making
movement problems
speech sounds)
Spine disorders such as
Sleep disorders scoliosis, kyphosis or
Feeding disorders lordosis
Developmental Endocrinologic
disabilities disorders

BARANDINO
 Sign and Symptoms
Distinctive facial features
Mild to moderate intellectual
disabilities Heart, kidney and thyroid
issues
Numerous respiratory infections, from
colds to bronchitis and pneumonia
Skeletal abnormalities, including spine,
hip, foot and hand disorders
Flexible joints and weak, floppy
muscles Overly quiet baby
Less responsive to stimuli
Vision and hearing
impairment Inwardly curved
NDINO little finger
Wide space between the
BARANDINO great and second toe
 Strategies in teaching
students with Trisonomy 21
In your language (both written and oral), put
the person before the disability.
Acknowledge how words can create barriers
Always speak directly to the student, using
clear, receptive, language and short sentences.
Place a strong emphasis on visual learning when
teaching reading to students with Down
Syndrome. Believe in your student's abilities
BARANDINO
 Brina Maxino

BARANDINO
 HOW FAR HAVE
WE GONE?

MACAPILLAR
Direction: Raise your hand if you know the correct answer.

Q.1) It's the most common genetic chromosomal disorder and cause
of learning disabilities in children.

a. Down b. Cerebral
Syndrome Palsy

c. Depression d. Autism
MACAPILLAR
 Q.2) People with cerebral palsy can have problems swallowing and
commonly have eye muscle imbalance, in which the eyes show

a. no b. blindness
focus
c. poor d. responsive
vision

MACAPILLAR
 B. Learners with
Learning
Disability

MALICSI
 FOOD FOR
THOUGHT

MALICSI
 Learners with Learning Disability

• A learning disability is a neurological disorder. A learning

disability results from a difference in the way a person's brain is "wired."
Children with learning disabilities are smart or smarter than their peers.
• Learning disabilities that affect an individual’s understanding of
what they read or of spoken language.
• A learning disability can't be cured or fixed;

MALICSI
 TRIVIA

"Not all great minds think

alike."

MALICSI
 Facts about learning Disabilities

Learning disabilities often run in families.

Learning disabilities should not be confused with other

disabilities Attention disorders, such as Attention
Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and learning disabilities
often occur at the same time, but the two disorders are not the
same.

MALICSI
 Common Learning Disabilities

YBAÑEZ
 Dyslexi
a

a language-based disability in
which a person has trouble
understanding written words. It
may also be referred to as
reading disability or reading
disorder.

YBAÑEZ
 Main causes of
Dyslexia
Dyslexia risk factors include:
• A family history of dyslexia or other learning
disabilities
• Premature birth or low birth weight
• Exposure during pregnancy to nicotine, drugs, alcohol
or infection that may alter brain development in the
fetus
• Individual differences in the parts of the brain
that enable reading
YBAÑEZ
 Strategie
s
Avoid obsessing with spelling and
grammar (SPAG) corrections
Provide lesson
recordings Allow extra
time
Give clear
instructions Provide
alternatives
YBAÑEZ
 Dyscalculia

- a mathematical disability
in which a person has a
difficult time solving
arithmetic problems and
grasping math concepts.

YBAÑEZ
 What causes dyscalculia?

1. GENETICS
2. BRAIN
DEVELOPMENT
3. ENVIRONMENT
4. BRAIN INJURY

YBAÑEZ
 Teacher & Classroom Accommondations for Dyscalculia
1.Provide them with a calculator during class and tests.
2. Allow extra time on tests.
3. Provide a quiet space to work.
4. Give them access to math apps and games that allow them to
practice essential skills in a fun way.
5. Sample problems should remain on the board.
6. Allow the use of multiplication tables.
7. Review what was taught previously before teaching new skills.

YBAÑEZ
 Dysgraphia

– a writing disability in which a

person finds it hard to form
letters or write within a defined
space.

YBAÑEZ
 The cause of Dysgraphia

The disorder is unknown, but in adults, it is usually

associated with damage to the parietal lobe of the brain.
Dysgraphia is a neurological disorder characterized by
writing disabilities. Specifically, the disorder causes a
person's writing to be distorted or incorrect.

YBAÑEZ
 How teaher can handle a students with Dysgraphia

Raised line papers

Speech text software
Allow audio recorder
Brainstorm writing
ideas Profread with
students
YBAÑEZ
 HOW FAR HAVE
WE GONE?

MACAPILLA
Direction: Raise your hand if you know the correct answer.

Q.1) It's a language-based disability in which a person has

trouble understanding written words. It may also be referred
to as reading
disability
a. Dyslexia b. Dyscalculia

c. d. Auditory
Dysgraphia Disorder
MACAPILLA
 Q.1) It's a writing disability in which a person finds it hard to
form letters or write within a defined space

a. Dyslexia b. Dyscalculia

c. d. Auditory
Dysgraphia Disorder

MACAPILLA
 C. Learners with
Physical
Disabilities

ROQUE
 FOOD FOR
THOUGHT

ROQUE
 Learners with Physical Disabilities

A physical disability is a physical condition

that affects a person's mobility, physical
capacity, stamina, or dexterity.

ROQUE
 Visual impairment

Visual impairment, also known

as vision impairment is a
decreased ability to see to a
degree that causes problems not
fixable by usual means, such as
glasses.

ROQUE
 Common Causes of Visual Impairment

- glaucoma
- retinopathy of prematurity
- cataracts - retinal
detachment
- diabetic retinopathy
- cortical visual impairment
- infection
- trauma.
ROQUE
 Strategies for teachers

1. Encourage the student to use visual aids

2. Make sure lighting is suitable
3. eliminate the risk of glare from the desk and
whiteboard

ROQUE
 Hearing Impairment

Hearing impairment, or
hearing loss, occurs when
you lose part or all of your
ability to hear.

ROQUE
 Common Causes of Hearing
Impairment
- viral or bacterial infection
- physical damage to the ear
- head trauma
- circulatory system
disorders
- genetic or inherited
disorders
ROQUE
 Strategies for teachers

1. seat themselves toward the front of the

lecture

2. Use assistive listening devices

3. Ensure that any background noise is

minimised.

ROQUE
 Speech Impairment

- is a condition in which the ability to produce

speech sounds that are necessary to
communicate with others is impaired. Speech
impairments can be mild, such as occasionally
mispronouncing a couple of words, to severe,
such as not being able to produce speech
sounds at all.

CAB
 Common Causes of Speech Impairment

- hearing loss,
- neurological disorders
- brain injury
- intellectual disabilities
- drug abuse,
- physical impairments such as cleft lip
or palate, and vocal abuse ormisuse.

CAB
 Strategies for teachers

1. Reduce unnecessary classroom noise as much as

possible

2. Provide verbal clues often

3.Speak clearly and

deliberately
CAB
 Multiple Impairment

Multiple disabilities means a student has

more than one serious disability which
may affect mobility, behavior, emotion or
sensory abilities.

CABO
 Common Causes of Multiple
Impairment
- traumatic brain injury
(TBI),
- genetic disorder
- chromosomal abnormality
- premature birth
- developmental delay
CABO
 Strategies for teachers

1. Believe in the student‘s ability to learn something new they can do

it

2. Give plenty of wait time when looking for a student response

3. Work with the Speech & Language Therapist to determine what type
of communicator the student is.

CABO
 HOW FAR HAVE
WE GONE?

MACAPILLAR
Direction: Choose and raise your hand if you know the correct answer.

Q1) This is defined as a combination of severe educational

problems that cannot be accommodated in special
education programs.

a. Auditory c. visual impairments

impairments d. multiple
b. speech impairments impairments
MACAPILLAR
Q.2) This can be observed in children with
difficulties in talking, understanding, reading and
writing.
a. Auditory c. visual impairments
impairments
d. multiple
b. Speech impairments
impairments
MACAPILLAR
Teaching Tips and Strategies

Set the tone from day one

Structure lesson plans to support inclusivity
Communicate clearly with students and parents
Partner students with disabilities with students who
do not have disabilities
Make yourself available
CONCLUSIO
N
SALAMAT
P0