The Cell Cycle

Cell Cycle
- is an orderly sequence of
events that describes the
stages of a cell’s life from the
division of a single parent
cell to the production of two
new daughter cells.
Purposes:
EUKARYOTES
 Growth
 Maintenance
 Repair of cells and
tissues
PROKARYOTE
 Method of reproduction
 MITOSIS MEIOSIS

Ploidy Level Diploid Haploid

Cell Somatic Germ

Two Major Phases:
1. Interphase
- G1
-S
- G2
2. Mitotic Phase
- Karyokinesis (Mitosis)
- Cytokinesis
Cell Cycle
Questions

Answer the ff:

1. What is the meaning of (a) M,

(b) S, (c) G1, (d) G2?

2. What are the phases that make

up the interphase?
G1 Phase (First Gap)
- Accumulating the building
blocks of chromosomal DNA
and associated Proteins
- Accumulating sufficient
energy reserves
S Phase (Synthesis of DNA)
- DNA replication leading to the
formation of identical pairs of
DNA molecules called SISTER
CHROMATIDS
- duplication of Centrosome
leading to the formation of
MITOTIC SPINDLE
G2 Phase (Second Gap)
- replenishes its energy stores
- synthesizes proteins
- some cell organelles duplicate
- cytoskeleton is dismantled to
provide resources for the mitotic
phase
- additional cell growth
- FINAL PREPARATIONS
Mitotic Phase
- duplicated chromosomes are aligned,
separated and moved to opposite poles of the
cell and then divided into two daughter cells.
1. First Mitotic Phase -> Karyokinesis
(nuclear division)

2. Second Mitotic Phase -> Cytokinesis

(physical separation of the cytoplasmic
components into two daughter cells)
G0 Phase
- cells in this phase are not actively
preparing to divide.
- some cells enter this stage
temporarily until an external signal
triggers the onset of G1
- other cells that never or rarely divide
such as mature cardiac muscle cell and
nerve cells permanently remain in G0.
MITOSIS
MITOSIS
1.Prophase
2.Prometaphase
3.Metaphase
4.Anaphase
5.Telophase
1. PROPHASE
-> Chromosomes condense and
become visible
-> Spindle Fibers emerge from the
centrosomes
-> Nuclear envelope breaks down
-> Nucleolus disappears
2. PROMETAPHASE
-> Chromosomes continue to condense
-> Kinetochores appear at the
centromeres
-> Mitotic spindle microtubules attach
to kinetochores
-> Centrosomes move toward opposite
poles
3. METAPHASE
-> Mitotic spindle is fully developed,
centrosomes are at opposite poles of
the cell
-> Chromosomes are lined up at the
metaphase plate
-> Each sister chromatid is attached to a
spindle fiber originating from opposite
poles.
4. ANAPHASE
-> Cohesion proteins binding the
sister chromatids together break
down
-> Sister chromatids are pulled
toward opposite poles
-> Non-kinetochore spindle fibers
lengthen, elongating the cell
5. TELOPHASE
-> Chromosomes arrive at opposite
poles and begin to decondense
-> Nuclear envelope surrounds
each set of chromosomes
-> The mitotic spindle breaks down
6. CYTOKINESIS
-> Animal Cells: A cleavage
furrow separates the
daughter cells
->Plant Cells: A cell plate
separates the daughter cells
Mitosis & Cytokinesis
Questions

3. What are the phases that

make up the mitotic
phase?

4. Describe the chromosomes

in the metaphase?

5. What happened to the

sister chromatids in the
anaphase?

6. How many nuclei are there

already in the telophase?

7. What is the difference

between mitosis and
cytokinesis?

8. What phases where the

spindle fibers (a) appear?
(b) disappear?
Questions

9. What is the
phase
A
described in
letter C?

10. What is
represented
as the inner
E
B
circle in letter
A?

D
C
MEIOSIS
Mitosis Review
 You have known that MITOSIS is for asexual
reproduction (ex. Bacteria) and also for
production of cell for growth and repair.
 In mitosis, one parent cell can produce two
daughter cells.
 Mitotic process includes the PMAT or:
 Prophase
 Metaphase
 Anaphase
 Telophase
The mitosis process
Chromosome number after mitosis

 The number of chromosome in the daughter cell after mitosis is the

same with the parent cell.
 If a parent skin cell (which is a somatic cell) has n=46, the 2
daughter skin cells has n=46 also.
 All the genetic information is carried from parent cell to its daughter
cells.
questions

1. What are the processes of mitosis?

2. True or false: daughter cell is exactly the
same from their parent cell after mitosis?
How about sex cells?

 Sex cells are different from somatic cells.

 All somatic cells are diploid (2n) in nature
while sex cells are haploid (n).
 In human beings, all somatic cells have 46
chromosomes while sex cells have 23.
Sex cells

 Sex cells or gametes that are produced

from testes (paternal) are called sperm
cells and from ovaries (maternal) are egg
cells or ovum.
 Through sexual intercourse, sperm cell
and egg cell combine to form a zygote.
This is called fertilization.
Sperm cells from testes
Egg cells from ovaries
Sex cells

 Since gametes are haploid, when

combined, the fertilized egg is already a
diploid.
 Sperm cell (23) plus egg cell (23) equals
zygote (46).
Questions

3. True or false: all somatic cells are diploid?

4. True or false: sex cells are haploid?
5. How many chromosomes are there in the
human gametes?
6. How many chromosomes are there in a
human zygote?
How are sex cells produced?

 Formation and development of sperm

cells is called spermatogenesis while of
egg cells is oogenesis.
 Sex cells are produced inside the body
from diploid parent cells.
 But how is it that sex cells are haploid
when they are from diploid cells? That is
what MEIOSIS is all about.
meiosis

 Meiosis is important for the production of

gametes.
 It can reduce the number of chromosomes
into half.
 So through meiosis, parent diploid cells
(2n=46) can produce haploid sperm cell
(n=23) in the testes and haploid egg cell
(n=23) in the ovary.
Mitosis and meiosis

 So we can say that:

 Mitosis is for asexual cell reproduction, while
 Meiosis is for sex cell reproduction.
questions

7. Formation and development of sperm cells is

called _________.
8. Formation and development of egg cells is
called ________.
9. True or false: meiosis can reduce the number
of chromosomes into half?
10. True or false: meiosis is for asexual
reproduction?
Meiotic process
 Meiosis has almost the same phases that of mitosis.
 But meiosis has two divisions: Meiosis I and Meiosis II.
 Meiosis I has
 Prophase I
 Metaphase I
 Anaphase I
 Telophase I
 Meiosis II has
 Prophase II
 Metaphase II
 Anaphase II
 Telophase II
Meiotic process

 In mitosis, one parent cell can produce

two daughter cells.
 In meiosis, one parent cell can produce
four daughter cells.
Overview of the Meiotic process

Interphase I

Meiosis I

Meiosis II
questions

11. How many daughter cells can be produced in

meiosis?
12. What are the 2 divisions of meiosis?
Meiosis i
Crossing over (prophase i)
Meiosis ii
Meiosis I & ii
MEIOSIS
PROPHASE I
-> Chromosomes condense and the
nuclear envelope fragments.
Homologous chromosomes bind firmly
together along their length, forming
tetrad. Chiasmata form between non-
sister chromatids. Crossing over occurs at
the chiasmata. Spindle fibers emerge
from the centrosomes.
MEIOSIS
METAPHASE I
-> Homologous chromosomes
randomly assemble at the
metaphase plate where they
have been maneuvered into
place by the microtubules.
MEIOSIS
ANAPHASE I
-> Spindle microtubules pull
the homologous
chromosomes apart. The
sister chromatids are still
attached at the centromere.
MEIOSIS
TELOPHASE I & CYTOKINESIS
-> Sister chromatids arrive at the poles of
the cell and begin to decondense. A
nuclear envelope forms around each
nucleus and the cytoplasm is divided by
a cleavage furrow. The result is two
haploid cells. Each cell contains one
duplicated copy of each homologous
chromosome pair.
MEIOSIS
PROPHASE II
-> Sister chromatids
condense. A new spindle
begins to form. The nuclear
envelope starts to
fragment.
MEIOSIS
METAPHASE II
-> Sister chromatids
line up at the
metaphase plate.
MEIOSIS
ANAPHASE II
-> Sister chromatids are
pulled apart by the
shortening of the kinetochore
microtubules. Non-
kinetochore microtubules
lengthen the cell.
MEIOSIS
TELOPHASE II & CYTOKINESIS
-> Chromosomes arrive at the
poles of the cell and decondense.
Nuclear envelopes surround the
four nuclei. Cleavage furrows
divide the two cells into four
haploid cells.
questions

13. What meiotic phase is

described in stage C?
14. What meiotic phase is
described in stage E?
15. What cell cycle phase
is described in stage B?