Hawassa University

Evaluation of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) Genotypes to

Phosphorus Uptake and Use Efficiency in Response to Phosphorus
Availability at Adea District, Central Highland of Ethiopia

Msc Thesis defense

By: Abera Serbessa

 
Advisor: Hussien Mohammed B. (PhD)
Co-Advisor: Alemayehu Kiflu A. (PhD)

Hawassa Ethiopia
October 2019

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 Hawassa University
Presentation outline
 Introduction
 Objective of the study
 Materials and Methods
 Treatments and experimental design
 Experimental procedure and management
 Collection of experimental data
 Data analysis
 Results and Discussions
 Summary and Conclusion

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 INTRODUCTION
Hawassa University

 Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) is the annual herbaceous legume crop

 deliberated as multipurpose medicinal herbs
 Every part of the plant is being used as leafy vegetable, fodder and condiment
 Used to supplement low protein crops such as rice, wheat and tef (due to high protein content)
 Maintenance of breast milk and to supply infants after age of 4-6 months (Nursing mothers)
 Fenugreek is widely cultivated in Mediterranean region
 Production and distribution of fenugreek in Ethiopia (32,587ha with 436,373.92qt productions)
 similar to those of other cool season food legumes
 Oromia Region shared most of the production status of total national production

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 Introduction…
Hawassa University

 East shewa zone is one of the potential areas for spice production especially fenugreek
 different varieties of fenugreek are widely produced by the farmers in Adea district
 The productivity of fenugreek in Ethiopia was too low as compared to its potential yield

 due to production constraints particularly poor soil fertility like P deficiency

 P deficiency is one of the largest constraints (owing to low native content and high P fixation)
 Among legume crops, fenugreek is particularly sensitive to P-deficient soils

 P plays an important role in plant metabolism via

 cellular energy transfer, photosynthesis and being key structural component of nucleic acid etc

 P fertilizer practices to reduce P deficiency for the fenugreek crop vary widely

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 Introduction…
Hawassa University

 So far in Ethiopia only a few N and P fertilizer and other agronomic trials have been done

 accordingly from the P fertilizer trial they reported better yield response from 60 kg P2O5 ha-1

 Other studies reported seed yield was highest at 40 kg P2O5 ha-1 and recommended this dose

 However, P requirement of plants vary with

 Varieties, environmental conditions, management practices and availability of other nutrients
 P deficiency problems can be overcome via use of integrated plant nutrition systems
 the use of nutrient efficient and responder genotype
 Evaluation of P efficient and responder genotypes under various P status is trustworthy
 to alleviate the conflicts between the depleting P resource and increasing food demand
 to improve further (for plant breeders those seek efficient and responder genotype) and etc

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 Introduction…
Hawassa University

 Previous study:
 under high input conditions modern varieties were selected (may not have the capability of
high nutrient use efficiency)
 under unfertilized soil unimproved genotypes was compared with modern varieties (higher P
use efficiency found with unimproved)
 In Ethiopia the fenugreek varieties released by research centers had showed different
characteristics and response to P fertilization
 little information on the impact of P fertilizers on fenugreek accession
 Evaluating under various nutrient conditions allows the identification of genotypes
 that perform well under nutrient stress and that are responsive to low, medium and high input
 Introduction…
Hawassa University

 Genotypic variation in P uptake and use efficiency under various P application has been reported
 chickpea, mungbean and other agriculturally useful crops
 However, the information in fenugreek genotypic variation for P use efficiency is scanty
 The study of fenugreek genotypes yield sensitivity to P-deficient and responsiveness to P
application has been limited in the study area
 as a result specific recommendation of P for fenugreek production in Ethiopia is lacking
 Majority of the farmers use smaller doses of P fertilizer and some of the farmers do not use at all
 Improving fenugreek productivity through P fertilizer management and selection of genotypes
with high P use efficiency is important

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Objectives…
Hawassa University

Main objective was:

 To evaluate the response of fenugreek genotypes to P application in terms of P uptake and use
efficiency
Specific objectives were:
 To identify optimum rate of P for growth and yield performance of fenugreek
 To identify efficient and responder fenugreek genotypes in response to P application
 To assess the association between some selected morpho-physiological traits

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Materials and
Hawassa Methods
University

Experimental Site
 A field experiment was conducted at Debre Zeit Agricultural Research Centre (DZARC) in 2018

Treatments and Experimental design

 The experiment consisted of 24 treatment combinations, in factorial arrangement

 It laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications

Table 1. Treatments of genotypes and phosphorus fertilizer rates

Genotype Phosphorus rate

Bishoftu 0 kg P ha-1
Chala 9 kg P ha-1
Ebbisa 17 kg P ha-1
Hunda 26 kg P ha-1
28605
28606

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 Experimental Procedure and Crop Management
Hawassa University

Preparation of experimental plot

 The experimental site was cleared and ploughed by tractor drawn cultivator and
 divided into three blocks each containing 24 plots for each treatment
 the plots of size (2 m x 1.5 m) with maintained distances of 0.5m x1m were prepared

Physico-chemical analysis of soil

 Initial soil samples from depth of 0-20 cm were collected randomly in zig-zag pattern from the entire
experimental site and composited
 The collected samples were allowed to air dry at room T oc and ground to pass via a 2 mm sieve

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 Hawassa University

Table 2. Parameters and methods used in soil analysis at soil laboratory of DZARC

Parameters Method used

Availbale soil N Kjeldahl method
Availbale P Olsen's method
Available K Flame photometer
Organic carbon Walkley and Black method

CEC ammonium acetate method

EC Hydrometric

Soil pH Electrodes pH meter

Particle size distribution Hydrometer method

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 Seed Hawassa
sowing, fertilizer application and cultural practice
University

 Seeds were sown in 5 rows at each plot in August 2018

 Treatments were randomly assigned to the experimental plots of each replication
 The P fertilizer was applied as triple superphosphate (TSP) (0-46-0) at sowing depending on the
treatment and covered with soil
 Dose of nitrogen (20 kg N ha-1) in the form of urea was uniformly applied to all the plots
 Thinning was done at 10 cm x30 cm and plots were kept free from weeds by hand weeding
 The middle three rows were considered for recording of data and finally harvested from a net plot
area of 1.8 m2 in each plot, bundled, tagged and kept for sun drying for few days

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Collection
Hawassaof Experimental Data
University

Crop phenology and growth attributes

 Days to 50 % flowering: Recorded by counting the number of days taken from date of
sowing to 50 % plants flowered in each plot
 Days to maturity: by counting the number of days from sowing to 50 % of the plants in each
plot at physiological maturity
 Plant height: The height of six randomly selected plants was measured from the ground to
the tip of the plant and averaged and expressed as cm
 Nodule number and dry weight per plant: At flowering six selected plants were sampled
and roots were carefully exposed with the bulk of root mass and nodules using a spade
 the nodules were separated from the soil, washed and determined by counting
 after drying the nodules from each plot weighed and averaged

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 YieldHawassa
attributes and Yields
University

 Pod length: The six pods from six plants selected randomly from each plot at physiological
maturity were measured from the base to the tip of the pod. Their mean was recorded(cm)
 Number of pod per plant: The pods of six randomly selected plants from each plot were
counted and average was recorded as pod per plant
 Seed per pod: Seed of six randomly selected pods from six plants were recorded and
averaged to compute seed yield per pod
 Weight of 1000- seeds (g): 1000 seeds were counted in samples drawn from the finally
cleared seed and weighed (g)

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 Hawassa University

Seed yield: After threshing and winnowing, clean seeds obtained from individual net plot (1.8 m2)
were weighed separately and converted into ton ha-1

Where, AM; adjusted moisture (10%)

Mc= moisture content of fenugreek seeds
Efficiency and responsiveness:
 The seed yield obtained from each treatment combinations were used for categorization of
genotypes into efficiency and responsiveness
 using absence and presence of P fertilizer as the cutting points

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 Hawassa University

 Biological yield: The weight of sun dried harvested produce of each net plot (1.8 m2) was
recorded before threshing as biological yield (ton ha-1)
 Haulm yield: Haulms yield was calculated by subtracting the seed yield (ton ha-1) from the
biological yield (ton ha-1) and expressed in terms of ton ha-1
 Harvest index: The ratio of economic yield (seed yield) to the biological yield was computed

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 Phosphorus concentration, uptake and use efficiency
Hawassa University

 Six representative plants selected were tagged at random from each plot for recording parameters
 finally seed and haulm samples were collected and separately oven dried at 65°C to a constant
weight
 the samples were ground to pass 1mm sieve and saved for plant tissue analysis
 Phosphorus concentration of seed and haulm was determined using
 spectrophotometric vanadium phosphomolybdate method

 by tri-acid mixture (HNO3, H2SO4 and HCLO4) in the ratio of 9:4:1 for sample digestion

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 Hawassa University

 The P in the solution was determined calorimetrically using

 ammonium meta vanadate and ammonium molybdate for color development
 The reading of P was made at 660 nm using spectrophotometer

Photo taken during laboratory work

 After plant tissue analyzed the calculation for each parameter was done with the following
formula

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 Table 3. Summary of traits, calculation, units measured for P concentration, P uptake and use efficiency
Hawassa University
S. No Trait Abbreviation Calculation Unit

1 Seed yield SY ton ha-1

2 Haulm yield HY BY-SY ton ha-1
3 Biological yield BY ton ha-1
4 Harvest index HI SY/BY
5 Seed P concentration SPC %
6 Haulm P concentration HPC %
7 Seed P uptake SPUP SPC*SY kg ha-1
8 Haulm P uptake HPUP HPC*HY kg ha-1
9 Total P uptake TPUP SPUP+HPUP kg ha-1
10 P harvest index PHI SPUP/TPUP %
11 P uptake efficiency PUPE TPU/P supply kg TPUP/kg P supply
12 P utilization efficiency PUTE SY/TPUP kg SY/kg P uptake
13 P use efficiency PUE PUPE*PUTE kg SY/kg P supply
14 P agronomic efficiency PAE Gyf-GYu/Pa kg kg-1
15 P apparent recovery PAR TPf-TPc/Pa kg kg-1

Where, GYf = grain yield of fertilized plot, GYu = grain yield of control plot, TPf = total plant P of fertilized plot, TPc = total plant P of
control plot, and Pa = phosphorus fertilizer applied. P supply = available soil P at planting at control plus P fertilization in each level
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 DataHawassa
analysis
University

 The data collected were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) using GLM procedure within
SAS version 9.0
 Test of mean separation was done using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test at 5 % probability level
 The association between growth and yield attributes, seed yield, uptake and use efficiency
parameters were computed using Pearson correlation coefficients

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 Hawassa University Results and Discussions
Appendix table 4. Phsico-chemical characteristics of the experimental soil

Parameter Unit Values

pH(1:2.5) 7.32
EC dS/m 0.07
Organic carbon(OC) % 1.41
Organic matter(OM) % 2.43
Available phophorus (P) ppm 9.04
Soil nitrogen(N) % 0.09
Potassium(K) mg/kg 1.01
CEC meq/100g soil 21.8
Bulk density g/cm-3 1.07
Particle density
Clay % 56
Silt % 26
Sand % 16
Textural class clay

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 Table 5. Crop phenology and plant height of fenugreek as influenced by genotype and P application
Hawassa University

Genotype Days to 50 % flowering Days to maturity Plant height(cm)

Bishoftu 46.83c 93.33ab 29.9
Chala 50.83a 96.66a 28.8
Ebbisa 48.58b 90.50b 29.28
Hunda 50.66a 95.08a 28.78
28605 51.16a 90.16b 28.91
28606 48.50b 94.20a 30.26
DMRT 1.52 3.58 2.75
P (kg ha-1)    
0 50.38a 95.05 27.36c
9 49.77a 94.11 28.68bc
17 49.27ab 92.72 31.41a
26 48.27b 91.44 29.83ab
DMRT 1.24 2.92 2.24
CV (%) 3.56 4.43 10.85
Interaction ns ns ns

DMRT; Duncan’s multiple range test at 5 %, CV (%) = Coefficient of variation, ns; non-significant
Means in the same column followed by the same letter(s) are not significantly different
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 Table 6.Hawassa
Nodule University
number and dry weight of fenugreek as affected by interaction effect of genotype and P application

  Nodule number per plant Nodule dry weight per plant(mg)

P (kg ha-1) P (kg ha-1)
Genotype 0 9 17 26 0 9 17   26

Bishoftu 14.9hi 18.3fg 24.6cd 34.3a 19.7e-g

22.4ef 33.3cd 47.8a
Chala 10.8jk 14.6hi 15.9hi 24.0c-e 17.8f-i 19.3f-h 43.5ab 28.2de

Ebbisa 18.7f 23.0de 31.5b 35.2a 12.5g-j 19.1f-h 44.8ab 50.1a

Hunda 14.4i 19.0f 21.7e 25.9c 10.5h-j 15.0f-j 16.2f-i 46.5ab

28605 9.6k 11.2j 22.1e 16.3gh 8.9ij 17.2f-i 21.8ef 38.3bc

28606 7.2 l 9.6jk 13.6i 15.0hi 6.5j 14.0f-j 15.0f-j 15.6f-i

DMRT 2.38 4.9

CV (%)   7.35       11.3    

DMRT; Duncan’s multiple range test at 5 %, CV (%) ; Coefficient of variation

Means followed by the same letter(s) are not significantly different

06:42:16 PM
 Table 7. Yield attributes of fenugreek as influenced by genotype and P application
Hawassa University

Genotype Pod length (cm) No. of pod plant-1 Seed pod-1 Seed weight (gm)
Bishoftu 12.34cd 18.65ab 14.63a 14.77cd
Chala 13.22ab 20.32a 12.45b 17.33ab
Ebbisa 12.26a 15.32c 13.10b 13.76d
Hunda 12.90bc 19.72ab 12.44b 16.95ab
28605 12.73b-d 16.85bc 12.80b 15.74bc
28606 13.57a 19.09ab 12.83b 18.44a
DMRT 0.57 3.15 0.65 1.68
P (kg ha-1)      
0 12.11b 15.49c 12.61c 15.15b
9 12.85a 16.73c 12.90bc 15.90ab
17 13.11a 19.21b 13.46a 16.38ab
26 13.26a 21.87a 13.19ab 17.24a
DMRT 0.47 2.57 0.53 1.37
CV (%) 5.21 19.93 5.8 12.08
Interaction ns ns ns ns

DMRT; Duncan’s multiple range test at 5 %, CV (%) ; Coefficient of variation

06:42:16 PM
Means in the same column followed by the same letter(s) are not significantly different
24
 Table 8. Efficiency and responsiveness expressed in seed yield of fenugreek as influenced by interaction effect of
Hawassa University
genotype and P application

  Seed yield ton ha-1 Efficiency & responsiveness

Genotype P (kg ha-1) P (kg ha-1)

  0 1.17ef 17 26 0 9 17 26
Bishoftu 1.16e-g 1.48b 1.32cd 1.22de E R R R
Chala 1.29cd 1.48b 1.62a 1.52b E R R R
Ebbisa 0.88j 1.00i 1.01i 1.03hi IE NR NR NR
Hunda 1.04hi 1.14e-h 1.15e-g 1.16ef IE R NR NR
28605 0.82j 0.89j 1.06f-i 1.07f-i IE NR NR NR
28606 1.11e-i 1.14e-h 1.35c 1.15e-g E R R NR
Mean 1.05d 1.13c 1.25a 1.19b
DMRT 0.1
CV (%)   5.11            
DMRT; Duncan’s multiple range test at 5 %, CV (%) = Coefficient of variation, E; efficient, IE; in-efficient, R;
responder, NR; non-responder. Means with the same letter(s) are not significantly different

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 Table 9. Yields of fenugreek as influenced by genotype and P application
Hawassa University

Genotype Biological yield (ton ha-1) Haulm yield (ton ha-1) Harvest index
Bishoftu 4.87b 3.65 0.25ab
Chala 5.62a 4.13 0.27a
Ebbisa 4.43b 3.44 0.22bc
Hunda 4.88b 3.75 0.23bc
28605 4.65b 3.69 0.20c
28606 4.94b 3.75 0.24ab
DMRT 0.57 0.56 0.03
P (kg ha-1)      
0 4.49b 3.43 0.23
9 4.76ab 3.62 0.24
17 5.19a 3.93 0.24
26 5.15a 3.95 0.23
DMRT 0.47 0.46 0.02
CV(%) 13.5 17.6 14.6
Interaction ns ns ns

DMRT; Duncan’s multiple range test at 5 %, CV (%) ; Coefficient of variation

Means in the same column followed by the same letter(s) are not significantly different
06:42:16 PM 26
 Table 10. Interaction effect of genotype and P application affected seed P concentration and seed P uptake
Hawassa University

Seed P Concentration (%) Seed P uptake (kg ha-1)

  P (kg ha-1) P (kg ha-1)
Genotype 0 9 17 26 0 9 17 26

Bishoftu 0.31c-e 0.31c-e 0.37a-c 0.33bc 3.66f-j 3.7fi 5.00bc 4.05d-g

Chala 0.34a-c 0.35a-c 0.41a 0.35a-c 4.46c-f 5.21bc 6.63a 5.42b

Ebbisa 0.27e 0.35a-c 0.37a-c 0.41a 2.40k 3.58g-j 3.82e-h 4.19d-g

Hunda 0.28de 0.35a-c 0.36a-c 0.39ab 2.95i-k 4.01d-g 4.19d-g 4.60c-e

28605 0.33bc 0.35a-c 0.36a-c 0.39ab 2.75k 3.16h-k 3.86d-h 4.17d-g

28606 0.25e 0.26e 0.34a-c 0.33bc 2.88jk 2.99i-k 4.65b-d 3.80e-h

DMRT 0.05 0.74

CV (%)    7.13        9.38    

DMRT; Duncan’s multiple range test at 5%, CV (%) ; Coefficient of variation. Means followed by the same
letter(s) are not significantly different.

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 Hawassa University

Figure 4.Haulm P concentration (HPC) as influenced by genotype (A) and P application (B)

DMRT; Duncan’s multiple range test at 5 %, CV (%); Coefficient of variation

Means with different letter on the figure are statistically different.

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 Hawassa University

Figure 5. Haulm P uptake (HPUP) and total P uptake (TPUP) as influenced by genotype (A) and P application (B)

(A) DMRT 0.79 and 0.89 for HPUP and TPUP respectively, (B) DMRT 0.64 and 0.73 for HPUP and TPUP
respectively. CV (%) 22.3 and 12.7 for HPUP and TPUP respectively
Where, DMRT; Duncan’s multiple range test at 5 %, CV (%); Coefficient of variation
Means with different letter on the figure are statistically different

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 Hawassa University

Figure 6. Phosphorus harvest index as influenced by interaction effect of genotype and P application.
Where, DMRT; Duncan’s multiple range test at 5 %, CV (%) ; Coefficient of variation
Means with different letter on the figure are statistically different

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 Table 11. Phosphorus uptake efficiency and utilization efficiency of fenugreek as influenced by main factors effect
Hawassa University
P uptake efficiency P utilization efficiency
Genotype (kg TPUP/kg P supply) (kg SY/kg P uptake)
Bishoftu 0.27b 147.34
Chala 0.32a 149.59
Ebbisa 0.22d 143.05
Hunda 0.25bc 145.47
28605 0.23cd 133.96
28606 0.27bc 154.74
DMRT 0.02 14.15
P supply    
0 0.34a 162.06a
9 0.26b 151.03b
17 0.24b 135.43c
26 0.20c 134.26c
DMRT 0.02 10.98
CV(%) 12.52 11.55
Interaction ns ns

TPUP; total P uptake, SY; seed yield, P supply = available soil P at planting at control plus P fertilization in each level
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 Hawassa University

Figure 7. Phosphorus use efficiency of fenugreek as influenced by interaction effect of genotype with P
application
DMRT; Duncan’s multiple range test at 5 %, CV (%) = Coefficient of variation
Means with different letter on the figure are statistically different
P supply = available soil P at planting at control plus P fertilization in each level added

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 TableHawassa
12. Phosphorus
University
agronomic use efficiency as affected by interaction effect of genotype and P application

Agronomic use efficiency (kg kg-1)

  P (kg ha-1)

Genotype 0 9 17 26

Bishoftu - 2.16fg 9.10c-e 2.35fg

Chala - 20.79a 18.78ab 8.98c-e

Ebbisa - 14.20bc 7.86de 5.95d-g

Hunda - 10.47cd 5.39d-g 4.6e-g

28605 - 7.24d-g 13.70bc 9.32c-e

28606 - 2.88fg 13.74bc 2.01g

DMRT 5.2

CV (%)     28.32  

DMRT; Duncan’s multiple range test at 5%, CV (%) = Coefficient of variation

Means followed by the same letter(s) are not significantly different

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 Hawassa University

Figure 8. Apparent recovery as influenced by genotype (A) and P application (B)

DMRT; Duncan’s multiple range test at 5 %, CV (%) = Coefficient of variation,

Means with different letter on the figure are statistically different.

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 Correlation Studies for Morphological, P Efficiency and Some Selected Related Traits
Hawassa University

SY BY HY HI SPC SPUP HPC HPUP TPUP PHI PUPE PUTE PUE PAE
SY 1
BY 0.78** 1
HY 0.55** 0.94** 1
HI 0.77** 0.22 -0.08 1
SPC 0.28 0.36 0.34 0.03 1
SPUP 0.88** 0.74** 0.56* 0.59* 0.70** 1
HPC 0.63* 0.72* 0.66** 0.28 0.26 0.58* 1
HPUP 0.63* 0.90** 0.90** 0.11 0.31 0.61* 0.91** 1
TPUP 0.85** 0.92** 0.80** 0.41* 0.57** 0.91** 0.82* 0.88* 1
PHI 0.42* 0.01 -0.21 0.63** 0.57** 0.60** -0.18 -0.23 0.22 1
PUPE 0.23 -0.01 -0.12 0.34 -0.41* -0.01 -0.26 -0.19 -0.11 0.15 1
PUTE 0.02 -0.42* -0.58* 0.49* -0.71* -0.31 -0.46* -0.56* -0.48* 0.16 0.64** 1
PUE 0.16 -0.16 -0.31 0.42* -0.54* -0.12 -0.38 -0.35 -0.26 0.18 0.96** 0.82** 1
PAE -0.14 -0.37 -0.43* 0.18 0.05 -0.08 -0.35 -0.43* -0.28 0.41* 0.21 0.27 0.26 1

*, **; significant and highly significant at P<0.05, 0.01, SY; seed yield, BY; biological yield, HY; haulm yield, HI; harvest index, SPUP; seed P uptake; TPUP;
total P uptake, PUPE; P uptake efficiency; PUTE; P utilization efficiency, PUE; P use efficiency, PAE; P agronomic efficiency
06:42:16 PM 35
 Summary
Hawassaand Conclusion
University

 In the increasing population, there is a growing need to improve crop productivity

 However, the majority of tropical soils like Ethiopia have limited capacity of producing high crop
yields because of production constraints(poor soil fertility particularly deficiency of P)
 Due to such constraints, yield is usually below the genetic potential of crops
 Alternatives ways to overcome such problem is
 supplying appropriate rate of nutrients
 use of integrated plant nutrition systems(use of nutrient efficient and responder genotype)
 Study was conducted to evaluate the response of fenugreek genotypes to P application in terms
of phosphorus uptake and use efficiency

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 Hawassa University

 The result showed that

 crop phenology, all growth parameters except plant height
 all of observed yield characters, biological yield, HI were significantly influenced
 haulm P concentration and P uptake by main effect of genotype
 total P uptake, PUPE and apparent recovery
 Among tested genotypes Chala variety was highest in biological yield, harvest index, total P
uptake, P uptake efficiency and apparent recovery
 days to flowering, growth attributes, yield attributes
 biological yield, haulm P concentration and P uptake significantly affected by P
 total uptake, PUPE, PUTE and apparent recovery

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 Hawassa University

 nodule number and dry weight, seed yield were influenced by

 seed P concentration and uptake, PHI, PUE and PAE interaction effect
 The combined effect of Chala variety with 17 kg P ha-1 (highest seed yield and seed P uptake)
 The combined effect of control plot with Chala variety generated the maximum PUE
 In efficiency classes;
 two varieties (Bishoftu and Chala) and accession 28606 were grouped as efficient genotypes
 With regard to responsiveness;
 Bishoftu and Chala varieties were responder genotypes at all of applied P(desirable)
 Ebbisa variety and accession 28605 were non-responder at all of applied P(undesirable)
 Seed yield was significantly correlated with HI, SPUP and TPUP

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 Hawassa University

 In conclusion, the result indicated considerable fenugreek genotypic variation in terms of

growth and yield characters, P uptake and use efficiency under P
 Chala variety with 17 kg P ha-1 was the promising combination that produced highest seed P
uptake and seed yield
 Therefore, Chala variety combined at 17 kg P ha-1 rates can be recommended for farmers in the
study area and areas of similar agro-ecology
 Furthermore, since it is efficient and responder genotype , it is possible to recommend 28606
accession for plant breeders for future improvement
 However, in order to give comprehensive recommendation in the study area and areas of similar
agro-ecology the study should be re confirmed over the year and location

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 Hawassa University

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!

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