Chapter 1

Introduction to Educational Management

The terms ‘management’ and ‘administration’ have been defined differently:
• Henri Fayol defined management as ‘to manage is to forecast and plan, to
organize, to command, to coordinate and control’
• Brech defined management as ‘a social process which constitutes
planning, controlling, coordinating and motivating’
• Koontz and O’Donnell defined management as ‘an operational process
initially best dissected by analyzing the managerial functions – planning,
organizing, staffing, directing and leading, and controlling’.
• The term ‘Administration’ is defined as ‘the process of acquiring and
allocating resources for the achievement of organizational goals’
• Therefore, EDUCATIONAL MANAGEMENT refers to the application of
management theory and practice to educational institutions.
• Educational managers are both policy makers and policy executors while
educational administrators are policy executors.
 Educational Management
The term ‘ORGANIZATION’ has been defined in many
ways:
• Chester Bernard defined it as ‘a system of consciously
coordinated activities of two or more persons’
• Etzioni defined it as ‘planned units, deliberately
structured for the purpose of attaining specific goals’
Educational
Organization Hence, ‘EDUCATIONAL ORGANIZATION’ refers to a
group of individuals, in a given place, whose efforts are
deliberately coordinated for the purpose of imparting
knowledge, skills, and attitudes to students or pupils in
order to achieve predetermined educational objectives or
goals
 Educational Management
Educational organizations include schools, colleges,
universities, training institutions, etc. They, like other
institutions, have a number of characteristics:

• Goals – Educational organizations have two types of

goals: (1) Performance goals, and (2) Organizational
maintenance goals.
Educational
Organization
• Technology – the technology of an educational
organization functions at three levels: (1) technical level
which refers to the activities which enable the
organization to achieve its goals. These activities
culminate into teaching and learning.
 Educational Management
• (2) managerial level which is to provide technical level
with an enabling environment for an efficient and
effective achievement of the organizational goals (3)
institutional level which provides the organization with
both the legitimacy and overall direction.
Educational
• Division of labor – the labor of educational institutions
Organization
are divided among teaching staff, non-teaching staff,
and the students. It aimed to achieve efficiency and
effectiveness.
• Power centers – power is derived from acts, laws, and
statutes. Power centers include school committees, etc
 Educational Management
• Environment – Educational environments are divided
into internal and external. Internal environment include
the structure, technology, and people found with the
organization. The external environment include other
organizations and forces which are found outside the
Educational educational organization which impact its survival and
Organization effectiveness.

Organizational effectiveness and efficiency – effectiveness

refers to the extent to which educational organization
achieves its goals. Efficiency refers to the cost-benefit
analysis of the achievement of the goals.
 Educational Management
Function of educational management include:
• Planning - it is the assurance that sound policies, goals,
and objectives are formulated in a given school and that
methods are determined for the achievement of these
objectives.
• Organizing – it is to procure the resources necessary for
Functions of the achievement of the objectives. It is also to organize
Management and coordinate the activities of the school with the aim
of achieving the objectives of the school with maximum
efficiency and effectiveness.
• Leading – This is to influence and stimulate the human
resources available. In influencing, educational
managers provide an appropriate, enabling, environment
to staff and students to achieve educational objectives.
 Educational Management
• Integrating – This is to integrate the school and its
activities into the set-up of society.
Functions of
• Controlling – This is to evaluate the school’s activities
Management
in accordance with the predetermined educational goals
and objectives.
 Educational Management
Managerial • Decision making is the process of choosing the best
Processes among alternatives.
 Educational Management
• Communication Process is a two-way process wherein
Managerial the message in the form of ideas, thoughts, feelings,
Processes opinions is transmitted between two or more persons
with the intent of creating a shared understanding.
 Educational Management
Importance of educational management include:
 It helps to being qualitative changes in educational
systems
 E.M facilitates expansion and diversification of
educational institutions
 Specifies the authority and responsibility relationship of
Importance of members of an educational institution
Educational  Encourage the members of the organization to work for
Management the attainment of organizational goals
 It minimizes wastage of resources It helps to ensure
good working condition in an educational institution
 It helps in the evaluation of the students as well as
members of the staff
 It helps in the financing and budgeting of educational
institutions
 Educational Management
Factors affecting educational management include:
 Extension of educational institution due to population
Factors affecting  Increasing the responsibility of the school towards the
Educational society
Management  Increasing cost of education
 Introduction of science and technology
 Increasing political influence on education

• Organizing Human resources

Teachers, students , staff, parents & experts
Aspects of • Organizing material resources
Educational building, campus, play ground, furniture, lab, library,
Management materials, machines , stationary.
• Organizing of ideas & regulations
ideas , laws, rules, & regulations
 Educational Management
It is the set of characteristics that are used to describe an
organization , that distinguishes an organization from
Institutional Climate
another , relatively permanent in nature and that influences
the behavior of the members in an organization
Dimensions of Institutional Climate
• Appearance of school building and classroom
• School size and student ratio
Physical Dimension • Order and organization of class room
• Availability of resources
• Safety and comfort
 Educational Management
Dimensions of Institutional Climate
• Interpersonal relationship (students ,teachers and staffs)
• Equitable and fair treatment of students by teachers
Social Dimension
• Degree to which students and staff, teachers contributes
to decision at the school

• Quality of instruction
Academic • Teacher expectation about the students achievement
Dimension • Monitoring students progress and properly reporting
results to students and parents
 Educational Management
Models of Educational Management
The Formal Model is characterized by a high degree of job
specialization and is highly centralized. It has a fixed
command structure, rigid hierarchy, top-down
Formal Model communication, firm control, strict procedures and a
dogmatic approach. People with the organization have
clearly defined positions, which influence professional
relationships and perpetuate the status quo
This model is based on the assumption that agreement can
be reached when the staff shares common values and plays
an active role in decision making. Policies emerge by
Collegial Model
consensus via committees and informal groups, in which
respect is given to the needs, ideas and opinions of all
participants.
 Educational Management
Models of Educational Management

Advocates of the Cultural Model suggest that the informal

norms and rituals which characterize organizations may be
Cultural Model
equally important as the formal structures when attempting
to understand management processes within them

Ambiguity Model takes into account the fact that

organizations are often faced with unpredictable problems
which may not be solved through a rational process.
Ambiguity Model Managers skills in making rational choices depend on
whether or not they are able to select an option from a
range of alternatives which have been prepared to deal
with predictable situations
 Educational Management
Models of Educational Management
Political Model is built upon the notion that decisions are
likely to be made according to the power relationships of
the participants. In this model, departments, committees
and informal groups promote their own interests and
Political Model objectives, thus producing an environment in which
conflict is the primary characteristic. Such organizations
are often dominated by those groups or individuals who are
able to promote their own interests above those of their
colleagues.
 Educational Management
1. Analysis of the whole system.
2. Task analysis.
3. Entering behaviors of the learner.
4. Specification of knowledge, skills and attitudes of the
students.
5. Identifying the students-needs.
Educational
6. Formulation of learning objectives.
Management of
7. Organizing learning resources.
Teaching and
8. Selecting appropriate teaching strategies.
Learning Process
9. Encouraging and motivating students-activities.
(Activities)
10. Evaluation of teaching system.
11. Learning and teaching system.
12. Observing the learning system
13. Modification in teaching-learning system.
14. Planning for the criterion test, and
15. Construction of criterion test.
 Educational Management
Procedure of Classroom Management under Management Function
 Educational Management
Difference between Educational Management and Administration
(Function)
 Educational Management
Difference between Educational Management and Administration
(Practicability)